{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:08:16Z","timestamp":1772168896477,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14879.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537228800000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14879.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537228800000}}],"reference-count":29,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    <ns4:italic>Candida albicans<\/ns4:italic>\n                    is an opportunistic fungus that might infect the oral cavity. Increased colony numbers of\n                    <ns4:italic>C. albicans<\/ns4:italic>\n                    in the mouth can be caused by multiple factors, such as smoking, weakened immune system, antibiotics use and immune-compromised condition. Smoking can increase expression of virulence factors of\n                    <ns4:italic>C. albicans<\/ns4:italic>\n                    and make it stronger. One virulence factor of\n                    <ns4:italic>C. albicans<\/ns4:italic>\n                    is biofilm formation. The ability of creating biofilm makes\n                    <ns4:italic>C. albicans<\/ns4:italic>\n                    more tolerant to commercial antifungal agents. The objective of this preliminary study was to examine the ability of the seaweed\n                    <ns4:italic>G.<\/ns4:italic>\n                    <ns4:italic>verrucosa<\/ns4:italic>\n                    extracts to inhibit the formation of biofilm by\n                    <ns4:italic>C. albicans<\/ns4:italic>\n                    isolated from the saliva of a smoker.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    The extract of\n                    <ns4:italic>G. verrucosa<\/ns4:italic>\n                    was prepared by maceration using 96% methanol and subjected for phytochemical analysis.\n                    <ns4:italic>C. albicans<\/ns4:italic>\n                    was isolated from the saliva of a smoker who voluntarily participated in the study after providing informed consent. In triplicate, the fungus was cultured in the growth medium containing increased concentrations of\n                    <ns4:italic>G. verrucosa<\/ns4:italic>\n                    (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100% ).The same reaction using fluconazole 0.31 \u00b5g\/ml\n                    <ns4:italic>C. albicans<\/ns4:italic>\n                    was prepared as positive control. Biofilm formation was accessed based on optical density of cell mixtures using an ELISA reader. The data obtained were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis test at a significance limit of 0.05.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Methanol extract of seaweed\n                    <ns4:italic>G. verrucosa<\/ns4:italic>\n                    contained three bio-active compounds namely steroids, terpenoid, and tannins. Inhibitory activity of seaweed extracts on\n                    <ns4:italic>C. albicans<\/ns4:italic>\n                    biofilm formation increased as their concentration increased. The highest inhibitory effect was recorded at fungus culture treated with seaweed concentration of 25% at 24 hours of time exposure.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Seaweed\n                    <ns4:italic>G. verrucosa<\/ns4:italic>\n                    extract contained steroids, terpenoids and tannins that were able to effectively inhibit the formation of biofilm by\n                    <ns4:italic>C. albicans<\/ns4:italic>\n                    at the concentration of 25%\n                    <ns4:italic\/>\n                    after 24 hours of time exposure.\n                  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Koga-Ito, Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, Institute of Science and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University - UNESP, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, Brazil, 26 Sep 2018, version 3, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-684\/v3#referee-response-38461","order":2,"name":"referee-response-38461","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero \"No rights reserved\" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}