{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T23:30:15Z","timestamp":1782603015684,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]],"date-time":"2018-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539820800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Acalculous cholecystitis is a life-threatening gallbladder infection that typically affects the critically ill. A late diagnosis can have devastating outcomes because of the high risk of gallbladder perforation if untreated. The diagnosis is not straightforward as Murphy\u2019s sign is difficult to illicit in the critically ill and many imaging findings are either insensitive or non-specific. This article reviews the current imaging literature to improve the interpretation of findings. Management involves a percutaneous cholecystostomy, surgical cholecystectomy, or more recently an endoscopically placed metal stent through the gastrointestinal tract into the gallbladder. This article reviews the current literature assessing the outcomes of each treatment option and suggests a protocol in determining the modality of choice on the basis of patient population. Specifically, endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage is a novel drainage approach for patients who are poor candidates for surgery and obviates the need for a percutaneous drain and all its complications. It has promising results but has caveats in its uses.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14886.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]],"date-time":"2018-10-18T11:45:31Z","timestamp":1539863131000},"page":"1660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Recent advances in management of acalculous cholecystitis"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2834-2315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan","family":"Balmadrid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146-62","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198902000-00008","article-title":"The gross anatomy and histology of the gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts, Vaterian system, and minor papilla.","volume":"13","author":"H Frierson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol."},{"key":"ref-2","first-page":"232-44","article-title":"Acute acalculous cholecystitis.","volume":"180","author":"P Barie","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433-7","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199004000-00009","article-title":"The increasing prevalence of acalculous cholecystitis in outpatients. 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