{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:07:39Z","timestamp":1772168859154,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.149166.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000}}],"reference-count":43,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background White spot lesions (WSLs) are frequently linked with low microhardness and mineral content changes. several strategies have been employed to deal with these problems. This investigation aimed to analyze the microhardness and mineral content changes after remineralization with bioactive glass (BAG) and casein phospho-peptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with fluoride (CPP-ACPF). Methods Twenty sound maxillary first premolars extracted were used to obtain a total of one hundred enamel samples. forty enamel slabs were split into four experimental groups (n = 10 each): Group I, BAG; Group II, BAG+CPP-ACPF; Group III, CPP-ACPF varnish; and Group IV, artificial saliva (negative control). To create artificial WSLs, all samples were preserved in a prepared demineralizing agent for 72 h before treatment with remineralizing agents. Vickers microhardness test was performed. Additionally, 60 enamel samples were selected for analysis using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and assigned to six experimental groups; the first four groups were similar to that used in the microhardness test along with Group V: WSLs, and Group VI: baseline. The statistical analyses employed in this study included Tukey\u2019s HSD (p&lt;0.05), one-way ANOVA, and Shapiro-Wilk. Result Regarding surface microhardness, the BAG+CPP-ACPF group showed the most favorable recovery, which was better than the outcomes of the BAG and CPP-ACPF groups. A statistically significant change (p &lt;0.05) was not observed between them. Similarly, for mineral content change, the BAG+CPP-ACPF group demonstrated the greatest result, The BAG group came next, and the CPP-ACPF group came last. Conclusion The BAG+CPP-ACPF group might be regarded as the best course of treatment for enhancing both the surface microhardness and mineral content (Ca, P), while the control group (Artificial saliva) showed the least satisfactory results in comparison. After demineralization, mineral content and microhardness decreased in all samples. Therefore, BAG+CPP-ACPF significantly improved the surface microhardness and mineral content.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.149166.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T11:45:31Z","timestamp":1725363931000},"page":"505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy of different remineralization agents on microhardness and chemical composition of enamel white spot lesion"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3485-7015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafal","family":"Ghanim Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ban Sahib","family":"Diab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27-31","DOI":"10.3290\/j.ohpd.a39749","article-title":"Use of casein amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on white-spot lesions: Randomised clinical trial.","volume":"16","author":"A Mendes","year":"2018 Jan 1","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. 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Media."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-505\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-505\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-505\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T11:45:40Z","timestamp":1725363940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-505\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"references-count":43,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.149166.2","relation":{"has-version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/f1000research.149166.1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.170911.r320290","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.170911.r349219","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-505\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.163586.r295143, Rehab Samir Salma, College of Dentistry El Alamein, AAST, New Alamein, 15 Jul 2024, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-505\/v1#referee-response-295143","order":0,"name":"referee-response-295143","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Rafal Ghanem<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 23 Aug 2024<\/i>; Dear Dr.&nbsp;Rehab Samir&nbsp;Salma I would first like to thank you for reviewing my manuscript. I am very grateful for your comments. This is an in-vitro study. The null hypotheses state: There was no difference in enamel microhardness and mineral content between the experimental and control groups.&nbsp; While the alternative hypothesis states there&nbsp;was a difference in enamel microhardness and mineral content between the experimental and control groups&nbsp; Based on the outcomes derived from the current study, the null hypothesis is thus rejected. This is due to a clear and noteworthy variation in surface microhardness and mineral content observed across the various stages (baseline, demineralization, and remineralization), as well as within the three methodologies (BAG+CPP-ACPF, BAG, and CPP-ACPF). Sample size: Utilizing G power 3.1.9.7 (via Franz-Faul, Universidad Kiel program, Germany) with the power of study 80%, alpha error of probability 0.05, the correlation between time points is 0.5 and the effect size of F is 0.25 with four groups and three-time points, with all these conditions, the sample size is 36 samples, thus 40 samples for microhardness were enough for this study while 60 samples for EDX analysis  Randomization:&nbsp; The distribution of enamel slabs for microhardness and EDX groups in a random manner.&nbsp; Each slab from the same tooth was distributed among the different groups in a random manner.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-505\/v2#referee-comment-12286","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-12286","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.163586.r311070, Shahzad Ali Shah, Conservative dental sciences, College of dentistry, Qassim University, Qassim, 19 Aug 2024, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-505\/v1#referee-response-311070","order":2,"name":"referee-response-311070","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Rafal Ghanem<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 23 Aug 2024<\/i>; I would like to thank you for your comment and for reviewing. The reason for teeth extraction is for orthodontic purposes and I mentioned that in the text. I add a sample size estimation.&nbsp; I replace the old reference with one of your suggestions. Thank you again for your worthy comment.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-505\/v2#referee-comment-12287","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-12287","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}