{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:11:43Z","timestamp":1791465103057,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]],"date-time":"2018-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536278400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Mucormycoses were difficult-to-manage infections owing to limited diagnostic tools and therapeutic options. We review here advances in pathology understanding, diagnostic tools including computed tomography, and serum polymerase chain reaction and therapeutic options.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15081.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]],"date-time":"2018-09-07T13:30:16Z","timestamp":1536327016000},"page":"1429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Recent advances in the understanding and management of mucormycosis"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Benoit","family":"Pilmis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Alanio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Lortholary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Lanternier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634-53","DOI":"10.1086\/432579","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases.","volume":"41","author":"M Roden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671-707","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00043-16","article-title":"Investigating Clinical Issues by Genotyping of Medically Important Fungi: Why and How?","volume":"30","author":"A Alanio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395-401","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1509.090334","article-title":"Increasing incidence of zygomycosis (mucormycosis), France, 1997-2006.","volume":"15","author":"D Bitar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0179136","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179136","article-title":"Increasing incidence of mucormycosis in a large Spanish hospital from 2007 to 2015: Epidemiology and microbiological characterization of the isolates.","volume":"12","author":"J Guinea","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149-55","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2007.140087","article-title":"Population-based analysis of invasive fungal infections, France, 2001-2010.","volume":"20","author":"D Bitar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236-301","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.2.236-301.2000","article-title":"Zygomycetes in human disease.","volume":"13","author":"J Ribes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74-81","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12466","article-title":"Why is mucormycosis more difficult to cure than more common mycoses?","volume":"20 Suppl 6","author":"A Katragkou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617-21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.08.010","article-title":"Antifungal resistance in mucorales.","volume":"50","author":"E Dannaoui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S35-43","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir880","article-title":"A global analysis of mucormycosis in France: the RetroZygo Study (2005-2007).","volume":"54 Suppl 1","author":"F Lanternier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S16-22","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir865","article-title":"Pathogenesis of mucormycosis.","volume":"54 Suppl 1","author":"A Ibrahim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556-69","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.3.556-569.2005","article-title":"Novel perspectives on mucormycosis: pathophysiology, presentation, and management.","volume":"18","author":"B Spellberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044-50","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(94)90243-7","article-title":"Pulmonary mucormycosis: results of medical and surgical therapy.","volume":"57","author":"M Tedder","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788-95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5007-5","article-title":"Pulmonary mucormycosis: serial morphologic changes on computed tomography correlate with clinical and pathologic findings.","volume":"28","author":"B Nam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714-8","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12419","article-title":"Gastrointestinal mucormycosis in immunocompromised hosts.","volume":"58","author":"M Dioverti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses."},{"key":"ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617-20","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.3.617","article-title":"Invasive gastrointestinal zygomycosis in a liver transplant recipient: case report and review of zygomycosis in solid-organ transplant recipients.","volume":"20","author":"N Singh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006408","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006408","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of mucormycosis-The bitter and the sweet.","volume":"13","author":"C Baldin","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481-2","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1364335","article-title":"Mucormycosis pathogenesis: Beyond Rhizopus.","volume":"8","author":"B Spellberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence."},{"key":"ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E396-400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03908.x","article-title":"Mucormycosis after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a French Multicentre Cohort Study (2003-2008).","volume":"18","author":"A Xhaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2005-1","article-title":"Invasive mucormycosis in children: an epidemiologic study in European and non-European countries based on two registries.","volume":"16","author":"Z Pana","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349-55","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2003.131230","article-title":"Invasive fungal infections after natural disasters.","volume":"20","author":"K Benedict","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408-14","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000244044.85393.9e","article-title":"Infectious diseases of severe weather-related and flood-related natural disasters.","volume":"19","author":"L Ivers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71046-1","article-title":"Multifocal cutaneous mucormycosis complicating polymicrobial wound infections in a tsunami survivor from Sri Lanka.","volume":"365","author":"D Andresen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2214-25","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1204781","article-title":"Necrotizing cutaneous mucormycosis after a tornado in Joplin, Missouri, in 2011.","volume":"367","author":"R Neblett Fanfair","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672-8","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit929","article-title":"The reversed halo sign: pathognomonic pattern of pulmonary mucormycosis in leukemic patients with neutropenia?","volume":"58","author":"C Legouge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526-33","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12624","article-title":"Prevalence of the reversed halo sign in neutropenic patients compared with non-neutropenic patients: Data from a single-centre study involving 27 patients with pulmonary mucormycosis (2003-2016).","volume":"60","author":"J Bourcier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycoses."},{"key":"ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087-108","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817381.ch121","article-title":"Agents of Systemic and Subcutaneous Mucormycosis and Entomophthoromycosis","author":"D Garcia-Hermoso","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810.e1-810.e8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.006","article-title":"Early diagnosis and monitoring of mucormycosis by detection of circulating DNA in serum: retrospective analysis of 44 cases collected through the French Surveillance Network of Invasive Fungal Infections (RESSIF).","volume":"22","author":"L Millon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312-7","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw563","article-title":"Detection of Circulating Mucorales DNA in Critically Ill Burn Patients: Preliminary Report of a Screening Strategy for Early Diagnosis and Treatment.","volume":"63","author":"M Legrand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594.e1-5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.01.017","article-title":"Molecular identification of Mucorales in human tissues: contribution of PCR electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry.","volume":"21","author":"A Alanio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01655-17","article-title":"A Comparison of Aspergillus and Mucorales PCR Testing of Different Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Fractions from Patients with Suspected Invasive Pulmonary Fungal Disease.","volume":"56","author":"J Springer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414-21","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000375","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a Mucorales-specific real-time PCR assay in tissue and serum samples.","volume":"65","author":"J Springer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124-9","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000560","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis from fresh tissue samples.","volume":"66","author":"K Zaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofw190","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw190","article-title":"Is It Time to Include CT \"Reverse Halo Sign\" and qPCR Targeting Mucorales in Serum to EORTC-MSG Criteria for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Mucormycosis in Leukemia Patients?","volume":"3","author":"D Caillot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433-44","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2016.152900","article-title":"ECIL-6 guidelines for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis and mucormycosis in leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients.","volume":"102","author":"F Tissot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Haematologica."},{"key":"ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5-26","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12371","article-title":"ESCMID and ECMM joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis 2013.","volume":"20 Suppl 3","author":"O Cornely","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"O336-9","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12408","article-title":"Local control of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis dramatically impacts survival.","volume":"20","author":"P Vironneau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782-7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.029","article-title":"Emergency and elective pulmonary surgical resection in haematological patients with invasive fungal infections: a report of 50 cases in a single centre.","volume":"22","author":"M Chretien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859-67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03456.x","article-title":"Zygomycosis in Europe: analysis of 230 cases accrued by the registry of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) Working Group on Zygomycosis between 2005 and 2007.","volume":"17","author":"A Skiada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395-404","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000221","article-title":"Posttraumatic mucormycosis: a nationwide study in France and review of the literature.","volume":"93","author":"L Lelievre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009-15","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00163-06","article-title":"In vitro activities of posaconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B against a large collection of clinically important molds and yeasts.","volume":"50","author":"F Sabatelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587-90","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00452-07","article-title":"In vitro susceptibilities of 217 clinical isolates of zygomycetes to conventional and new antifungal agents.","volume":"51","author":"N Almyroudis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3116-23","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv236","article-title":"Prospective pilot study of high-dose (10 mg\/kg\/day) liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) for the initial treatment of mucormycosis.","volume":"70","author":"F Lanternier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother."},{"key":"ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216-24","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-03-316430","article-title":"How I treat mucormycosis.","volume":"118","author":"D Kontoyiannis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619-21","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix130","article-title":"Changing Epidemiology of Invasive Mold Infections in Patients Receiving Azole Prophylaxis.","volume":"64","author":"F Lamoth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828-37","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00071-2","article-title":"Isavuconazole treatment for mucormycosis: a single-arm open-label trial and case-control analysis.","volume":"16","author":"F Marty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515-25","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2016-0231","article-title":"The cost of treating mucormycosis with isavuconazole compared with standard therapy in the UK.","volume":"12","author":"E Bagshaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49-54","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2015.47.1.49","article-title":"Fatal Breakthrough Mucormycosis in an Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Patient while on Posaconazole Prophylaxis.","volume":"47","author":"S Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Chemother."},{"key":"ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30541-2","article-title":"Nivolumab plus interferon-\u03b3 in the treatment of intractable mucormycosis.","volume":"17","author":"D Grimaldi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1429\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1429\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1429\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T19:31:42Z","timestamp":1553887902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1429\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]]},"references-count":48,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.15081.1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.16422.r37943","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.16422.r37945","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1429\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.16422.r37943, Arunaloke Chakrabarti, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, 07 Sep 2018, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1429\/v1#referee-response-37943","order":0,"name":"referee-response-37943","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.16422.r37945, Immaculata Xess, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India, 07 Sep 2018, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1429\/v1#referee-response-37945","order":1,"name":"referee-response-37945","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}