{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:08:43Z","timestamp":1772168923120,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.151896.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.151896.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000}}],"reference-count":42,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005278","name":"Fondo a primer proyecto. Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n. Universidad de Antioquia.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    Background Hemodialysis patients are frequently colonized by\n                    <ns4:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/ns4:italic>\n                    , leading to severe infections with high mortality rates. However, little is known about transition from non-colonization to colonization or bacteremia over time. The aim was to analyze the behavior of\n                    <ns4:italic>S. aureus<\/ns4:italic>\n                    colonization, identifying the probability of transition from non-colonized to colonized state or bacteremia, and the influence of specific covariates. Methods The study was conducted in a dialysis unit associated with a tertiary care hospital in Medell\u00edn between October 2017 and October 2019. An initial measurement was taken to evaluate\n                    <ns4:italic>S. aureus<\/ns4:italic>\n                    colonization, and follow-up measurements were performed 2 and 6 months later. Bacteremia evolution was monitored for 12 months. A two-state recurrent continuous-time Markov model was constructed to model transition dynamics from non-colonization to\n                    <ns4:italic>S. aureus<\/ns4:italic>\n                    colonization in hemodialysis patients. Subsequently, the model was applied to a third state of bacteremia. Results Of 178 patients on hemodialysis, 30.3% were colonized by\n                    <ns4:italic>S. aureus.<\/ns4:italic>\n                    Transition intensity from non-colonization to colonization was three times higher (0.21; CI: 0.14-0.29) than from colonization to non-colonization (0.07; CI: 0.05-0.11). The colonization risk increased in patients with previous infections (HR: 2.28; CI: 0.78-6.68), hospitalization (HR: 1.29; CI: 0.56-2.99) and antibiotics consumption (HR: 1.17; CI: 0.53-2.58). Mean non-colonized state duration was 10.9 months, while in the colonized state was 5.2 months. In the 3-state model, it was found that patients colonized were more likely to develop\n                    <ns4:italic>S. aureus<\/ns4:italic>\n                    infection (13.9%). Conclusion A more likely transition from non-colonization to colonization was found, which increases with factors such as previous infection. In addition, the development of bacteremia was more likely in colonized than in non-colonized patients. These results underline the importance of surveillance and proper management of\n                    <ns4:italic>S. aureus<\/ns4:italic>\n                    colonization to prevent serious complications, such as bacteremia, and improve prognosis in this vulnerable population.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.151896.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T11:20:06Z","timestamp":1736162406000},"page":"837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of the dynamics of transition from non-colonization to colonization and Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in hemodialysis patients using Markov models."],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9326-4341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Montoya-Urrego","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna M","family":"Vanegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9183-1912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J Natalia","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Difariney","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03442-5","article-title":"Blood stream Infections in chronic hemodialysis patients - characteristics and outcomes.","volume":"25","author":"M Schamroth Pravda","year":"2024 Jan","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215-223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.05.031","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus colonization increases the risk of bacteremia in hemodialysis patients: a molecular epidemiology approach with time-dependent analysis.","volume":"49","author":"J Vanegas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. 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Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n. Universidad de Antioquia. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}