{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:34:12Z","timestamp":1780670052842,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.154021.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000}}],"reference-count":30,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015690","name":"Universitas Padjadjaran-RKDU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1427\/UN6.3.1\/LT\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1427\/UN6.3.1\/LT\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    Background The major component of patchouli oil, patchouli alcohol, is used as fixative and has antimicrobial activity. The function of other components, such as \u03b1-guaiene, remains unknown. Therefore, this study reports the antifungal activity of \u03b1-guaiene isolated from patchouli oil against for pathogenic fungi:\n                    <ns3:italic>Aspergillus niger<\/ns3:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <ns3:italic>Candida albicans<\/ns3:italic>\n                    ATCC 7102,\n                    <ns3:italic>Microsporum gypseum<\/ns3:italic>\n                    ATCC 14683, and\n                    <ns3:italic>Trichophyton mentagrophytes<\/ns3:italic>\n                    ATCC 16404. Methods The material from fraction (249\u00b0C-254\u00b0C) had the highest \u03b1-guaiene. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined using the microdilution technique to evaluate antifungal activity, with n-hexane and medium serving as negative controls, and ketoconazole and fluconazole serving as positive controls. Results The results showed that the MIC and MFC value were determined at 45%, 50% for\n                    <ns3:italic>C. albicans<\/ns3:italic>\n                    , 55%, 60%\n                    <ns3:italic>for A. niger<\/ns3:italic>\n                    , 50%, 60% for\n                    <ns3:italic>M. gypseum<\/ns3:italic>\n                    , and 95%, 100% for\n                    <ns3:italic>T. mentagrophytes<\/ns3:italic>\n                    , respectively. Positive and medium controls demonstrated no microbial growth, whereas negative and growth controls revealed the presence of microorganisms. Fungus resistance to \u03b1-guaiene\n                    <ns3:italic>T. mentagrophytes<\/ns3:italic>\n                    exhibited the highest MIC value. Conclusions Overall, this study reveals that \u03b1-guaiene is a promising agent effective against the studied pathogenic fungi.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.154021.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T15:10:11Z","timestamp":1760368211000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Alpha-guaiene isolated from patchouli oil exhibits antifungal activity against four pathogenic fungi"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5391-2260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarifah","family":"Nurjanah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaqqu","family":"Alhafidz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maghfira","family":"Maulani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tita","family":"Rialita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elazmanawati","family":"Lembong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.24198\/ijpst.v5i2.15364","article-title":"Isolation of Secondary Metabolite A. niger \u201cIn-Habiting\u201d Queen M. gilvus Hagen.\u2019s Nest.","volume":"5","author":"Y Alen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indones. J. Pharm. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129-1140","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-6632.20180353s20170216","article-title":"FRACTIONATION PROCESS OF ESSENTIAL OILS BY BATCH DISTILLATION.","volume":"35","author":"R Almeida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24203713","article-title":"Essential Oils and Their Natural Active Compounds Presenting Antifungal Properties.","volume":"24","author":"T D\u2019agostino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711-713","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-957563","article-title":"A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria.","volume":"64","author":"J Eloff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081630","article-title":"Atypical Presentation of Aspergillus niger Infection in the Oral Cavity as a Prediction of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in a Patient with COVID-19: Case Report and Literature Review.","volume":"10","author":"M Fiema","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45-52","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.35173","article-title":"Molecular identification of isolates of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex.","volume":"17","author":"M Fr\u00edas-De-Le\u00f3n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411-427","DOI":"10.2478\/eces-2021-0028","article-title":"Effects of Essential Oils on in vitro Growth of Fungi Cladobotryum dendroides and Mycogone perniciosa Infecting Button Mushroom.","volume":"28","author":"R G\u00f3rski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Chem. Eng. S."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-11","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2021.1955761","article-title":"Patchouli oil: an overview on extraction method, composition and biological activities.","volume":"34","author":"P Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.24198\/jkg.v32i1.25422","article-title":"Kadar hambat minimum dan kadar bunuh minimum ekstrak etanol lengkuas merah (Alpinia galanga L.) terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans.","volume":"32","author":"H Kamoda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Kedokt. Gigi Univ. Padjadjaran."},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Biological Effects of Various Essential Oils on Citrus Decay Pathogens.","author":"N Khaledi","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12030567","article-title":"Surface Architecture Influences the Rigidity of Candida albicans Cells.","volume":"12","author":"P Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01229","article-title":"Patchouli essential oil and its derived compounds revealed prebiotic-like effects in C57BL\/6J mice.","volume":"10","author":"W Leong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2022.100217","article-title":"Terpenes and terpenoids as main bioactive compounds of essential oils, their roles in human health and potential application as natural food preservatives.","volume":"13","author":"A Masyita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. X."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11090957","article-title":"Current Topics in Dermatophyte Classification and Clinical Diagnosis.","volume":"11","author":"A Moskaluk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.19184\/pk.v8i3.12990","article-title":"Efektivitas Ekstrak Black Garlic dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Candida albicans.","volume":"8","author":"R Ningtias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pustaka Kesehatan."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012094","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/443\/1\/012094","article-title":"Isolation of guaiene from patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) oil using vacuum fractionation distillation.","volume":"443","author":"S Nurjanah","year":"2020a","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"65-74","article-title":"Antifungal activity of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) essential oil fractions against phytopathogenic fungi. Indonesian.","volume":"3","author":"S Nurjanah","year":"2020b","journal-title":"J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.27925854.v1","article-title":"MIC and MFC of four pathogenic fungi.xlsx (Version 1).","author":"S Nurjanah","year":"2024","journal-title":"figshare."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2538-2549","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.1c00134","article-title":"Correlation Gas Chromatographic Study of the Vaporization Enthalpies and Vapor Pressures of the Major Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons in Patchouli Oil.","volume":"66","author":"M Orf","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212-1226","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2021.1995511","article-title":"Essential oil compositions, pharmacological importance and agro technological practices of Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.): A review.","volume":"24","author":"S Pandey","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160-179","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2021.2013325","article-title":"A Comparative Study on Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Potential and Toxicity of Pogostemon cablin Linn., (Patchouli) Flower and Leaf Essential Oil.","volume":"25","author":"S Pandey","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.19087\/jveteriner.2018.19.2.177","article-title":"Identifikasi Spesies Fungi Microsporum gypseum dan M. nanum Penyebab Ringworm pada Sapi Bali (IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES FUNGI MICROSPORUM GYPSEUM).","volume":"19","author":"P Putriningsih","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jurnal Veteriner."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.18517\/ijaseit.8.2.3485","article-title":"Determining The Profit Margin In \u201cPatchouli Oil\u201d Supply Chain: A Case Study In Indonesia.","volume":"8","author":"D Rahmayanti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24198\/jt.vol11n1.9","article-title":"Uji Aktivitas Antijamur pada Minyak Nilam Hasil Destilasi dan Fraksinasi Terhadap Jamur C. albicans dan T. mentagrophytes.","volume":"11","author":"P Setyaningrum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jurnal Teknotan."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.115504","article-title":"Chemical investigation and biological activities of Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth) essential oil.","volume":"188","author":"S Srivastava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6-51","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.3418","volume":"33","author":"T Beek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125-130","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-016-2452-y","article-title":"In Vitro and in vivo Antibacterial Activity of Patchouli Alcohol from Pogostemon cablin.","volume":"27","author":"F Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012012","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/749\/1\/012012","article-title":"Effect of distillation method on the quality of patchouli oil from West Java, Indonesia.","volume":"749","author":"A Widyasanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Patchouli Oil.","volume":"12","author":"X Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Karakterisasi, Identifikasi dan Uji Aktivitas Anti Jamur Minyak Atsiri Daun Jeruk Purut (Citrus hystrix) terhadap Aspergillus.","volume":"8","author":"R Yanti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-4\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-4\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-4\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T18:40:28Z","timestamp":1763664028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-4\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.154021.2","relation":{"has-version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/f1000research.154021.1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.189216.r424402","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.189216.r423550","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.189216.r423550","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.189216.r424402","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-4\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.168997.r356456, Irmanida Batubara, IPB University, Bogor, 07 Jan 2025, version 1, 2 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-4\/v1#referee-response-356456","order":0,"name":"referee-response-356456","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Sarifah Nurjanah<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 02 Oct 2025<\/i>; We would like to sincerely thank the reviewer for the valuable comments and constructive suggestions that have significantly improved the quality and clarity of our manuscript. We carefully considered each point and have made the following revisions:  Several studies have shown that a-guaiene can be isolated using molecular distillation and spinning band vacuum distillation. However, to obtain pure a-guaiene is still very difficult. Molecular distillation can only isolate guaiene with a purity level of 18.80% while using spinning band distillation can produce a-guaiene with a higher purity of 31.05%. For this reason, this study used a-guaiene with a purity of 38.8%, which was obtained from modifying the previous process conditions using spinning bands vacuum distillation. Antimicrobial activity in patchouli oil with several concentrations of PA has been carried out by the author, so that in this paper the focus is on the antimicrobial component of a-guaiene. All other necessary corrections have been incorporated into the revised version of the manuscript (3-9)","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-4\/v2#referee-comment-14702","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-14702","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.189216.r423550, Harlinda Kuspradini, Mulawarman University Jl. Ki Hajar Dewantara, East Kalimantan, 08 Nov 2025, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-4\/v2#referee-response-423550","order":2,"name":"referee-response-423550","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.189216.r424402, Lal R.K, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 29 Oct 2025, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-4\/v2#referee-response-424402","order":3,"name":"referee-response-424402","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"Universitas Padjadjaran-RKDU (Riset Kompetensi Dosen UNPAD) grant - 1427\/UN6.3.1\/LT\/2020. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}