{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T02:08:54Z","timestamp":1793758134509,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]],"date-time":"2018-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538092800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>The last two to three years provided several \u201cbig steps\u201d regarding our understanding and management of sepsis. The increasing insight into pathomechanisms of post-infectious defense led to some new models of host response. Besides hyper-, hypo-, and anti-inflammation as the traditional approaches to sepsis pathophysiology, tolerance and resilience were described as natural ways that organisms react to microbes. In parallel, huge data analyses confirmed these research insights with a new way to define sepsis and septic shock (called \u201cSepsis-3\u201d), which led to discussions within the scientific community. In addition to these advances in understanding and defining the disease, follow-up protocols of the initial \u201csepsis bundles\u201d from the Surviving Sepsis Campaign were created; some of them were part of quality management studies by clinicians, and some were in the form of mandatory procedures. As a result, new \u201cbundles\u201d were initiated with the goal of enabling standardized management of sepsis and septic shock, especially in the very early phase. This short commentary provides a brief overview of these two major fields as recent hallmarks of sepsis research.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15758.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]],"date-time":"2018-09-28T05:25:52Z","timestamp":1538112352000},"page":"1570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Recent advances in understanding and managing sepsis"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Berg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2509-0431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herwig","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546-54","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022139","article-title":"The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000.","volume":"348","author":"G Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303-10","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00002","article-title":"Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care.","volume":"29","author":"D Angus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937-45","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.5.937","article-title":"The ancient riddle of sigma eta psi iota sigma (sepsis).","volume":"163","author":"G Majno","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591-607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0704(18)30646-8","article-title":"The systemic septic response: multiple systems organ failure.","volume":"1","author":"F Cerra","year":"1985","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin."},{"key":"ref-5","first-page":"257-280","article-title":"Verhandlungen des 31. 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