{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:03:07Z","timestamp":1784610187013,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.158455.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.158455.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.158455.3","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000}}],"reference-count":100,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ARSF3-ECR Project Plan, Project Code 002-Lukas Wibowo-Indonesia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns5:p>\n                    Background The COVID-19 pandemic has generated significant impacts on the forestry sector. Employment layoffs have led to an increase in return migration, resulting in additional labor supply and heightened family economic burdens. This research employs the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework to examine and predict sustainable forest management practices among families managing customary forests and village forests in Bali. Methods Purposive sampling was used to collect data from 71 managers of customary forests and village forests in Tenganan and Wanagiri. Partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the acquired data. Results The findings demonstrated that TPB can explain the sustainable forest management. The incorporation of an additional construct,\n                    <ns5:italic>Tri Hita Karana<\/ns5:italic>\n                    (THK), enhanced the model\u2019s predictive power for both managerial intentions and behaviors in sustainable forest management. Specifically,\n                    <ns5:italic>THK<\/ns5:italic>\n                    influences management intentions through the mediation of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Conclusions This study established that\n                    <ns5:italic>THK<\/ns5:italic>\n                    , a fundamental value system in Balinese society, serves as an antecedent predictor of behavioral intentions toward sustainable forest management. The relationship between\n                    <ns5:italic>THK<\/ns5:italic>\n                    and sustainable forest management intentions is mediated by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. This research makes significant theoretical and managerial contributions. First, it validates the established TPB framework within the context of COVID-19\u2019s impact in Bali. Additionally, it provides scholars with insights for identifying other potential constructs that may influence forest land managers\u2019 behavior.\n                  <\/ns5:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.158455.4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T08:24:08Z","timestamp":1779870248000},"page":"1457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining intention toward sustainable forest management: Evidence from COVID 19 Pandemic from Bali, Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7912-4724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shine Pintor Siolemba","family":"Patiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jakarta Indonesia Open University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6808-1500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kresno Agus","family":"Hendarto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesia National Research and Innovation Agency"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dian Charity","family":"Hidayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesia National Research and Innovation Agency"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas Rumboko","family":"Wibowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesia National Research and Innovation Agency"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Digby","family":"Race","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suva The University of the South Pacific"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I Wayan Widhana","family":"Susila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesia National Research and Innovation Agency"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sutrihadi","family":"Sutrihadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jakarta Ministry of Environment and Forestry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krisdianto","family":"Sugiyanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jakarta Ministry of Environment and Forestry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerson Ndawa","family":"Njurumana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesia National Research and Innovation Agency"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani","family":"Sitti Nuroniah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesia National Research and Innovation Agency"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dewi Ratna","family":"Kurniasari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesia National Research and Innovation Agency"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. 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We have explained the rationale for choosing Tenganan and Wanagiri in the context section. However, in accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads:  \u201cThe study was conducted in two villages, namely Tenganan Village and Wanagiri Village. The two villages were chosen because: 1) Both villages represent two dominant management models. The forest land in Tenganan is communally owned, which is a model of prototypically traditional customary management, while the forest land in Wanagiri Village is state-owned, which is a model of state-supported community forest management; (2) Managers of customary forests and village forests have been incorporated into forest farmer group established before the COVID-19 pandemic. Simply said, forest farmer groups in Tenganan and Wanagiri have been well-established before the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we could observe the resilience of both institutional structures and the behavior of migrant recipient families (especially those who manage customary forest and village forest land); (3) there have been no extreme changes in land cover before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This condition has allowed us to ascertain the socio-managerial dynamics among managers and migrant recipients of customary forest and village forest land.\u201d  Second, a variable, which is equally known as a concept or construct, is a symbol assigned a numerical or other value (Kerlinger, 1973). In the same book, it is stated that a variable is a property that can have different values \u200b\u200b(in research, variables must have diverse values). Furthermore, complying with this suggestion, we draw an analogy with religiosity. Religiosity is defined as having a strong belief in God or gods. According to the Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), religiosity is devotion to religion; piety. A person's religiosity is not binary (simply whether someone is &quot;religious&quot; or &quot;not religious&quot;), but rather it is a continuum that extends from low to high degrees. Such a variation has allowed the researchers to analyze its relationship with other variables. In other words, religiosity is a measurable variable in research because it qualifies an attribute with varying values \u200b\u200band can be operationalized through measurable dimensions. Religiosity has several measurable variable dimensions: Attachment to God, Trust-Mistrust in God, Daily Spiritual Experience, Religious Coping, Faith Maturity, Religious History (Koenig et al., 1999). Likewise, Tri Hita Karana (THK) is defined as three sources of happiness. In this study, THK refers to the level of respondents' internalization of the Human-God, Humans-Humans, and Humans-Nature dimensions. In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: \u201cAs with the general application of TPB theory, individual serves as the unit of analysis in this study. THK is defined as the level of respondent's internalization of the Human-God, Humans-Humans, and Humans-Nature dimensions, as measured with the respondent's (individual's) subjective perception. Therefore, THK has different values \u200b\u200bfor different individuals. Figure 3(B) illustrates that THK represents a harmonious integration of three related realms: the human world (pawongan), the natural world (palemahan), and the spiritual world (parahyangan). The self (microcosm) is indispensable from the universe (macrocosm) and both are composed of the same elements (Adityanandana and Gerber 2019). Furthermore, Citing Flood (1997) and Agung (2005), they explained that in THK, violence against nature is self-harming. Nature is believed to be a manifestation of the Supreme Being, and accordingly, is fundamentally sacred. Nature is not a merely human-exploited object, but instead, it deserves respect, as captured in the section Svet a svataropanisad: Submit to God because God is in the fire, in the air, in the entire universe, in the plants above the trees\u201d. The THK concept of the spiritual world is relevant to the doctrine of entelechy. This doctrine is classically outlined in Purusartha (the object of human pursuit), which consists of moral (dharma), economic (artha), sensual (kama), and spiritual (moksha) values. In spite of their whole importance, the pursuit of economic and sensual desires should not override moral values \u200b\u200bin order to achieve spiritual fulfillment (the ultimate goal\u2014moksha). The path to moksha (or liberation from suffering, inherent in the cycle of rebirth) unfolds over several lifetimes depending on one's actions (karma) and the soul's maturity to detach itself from the physical world.\u201d  Third, we thank the reviewer for this insightful comment. To deal with this issue, we present the history of the TPB. The TPB is an extension of the TRA (Traditional Modeling Model). TRA was developed to better understand the relationship between attitudes, intentions, and behavior (Fishbein, 1967). Some researchers have used TRA to explain and predict individual behavior. However, the results are not always satisfactory because TRA has limited power in predicting behavior beyond the individual's control. Simply stated, TRA assumes that humans have a complete volitional control over their actions. However, in reality, many such external factors as money, time, skills, or legal regulations effect human behaviors. TRA generally fails to predict the action when someone expects to do something yet lack the resources. In attempt to deal with this shortcoming, Ajzen added the variable Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC). This variable accommodates both real and perceived barriers that a person face up. PBC is a person's perception of the level of ease or difficulty to perform a particular behavior. This variable accommodates both real and perceived barriers faced by a person. PBC has two main components, namely: (1) Control Beliefs: Beliefs about the existence of factors that can facilitate or hinder the performance of a behavior (for example: availability of time, money, or skills); and (2) Perceived Power: An individual's assessment of how strongly these supporting or inhibiting factors affect their ability to act. Thus, formal rules, customary law, or economic necessity have been summarized in PBC. Nevertheless, from the proposed model (Figure 3C), THK affects behavioral intentions through attitudes, subjective norms, and PBC. Stated in a different way, THK affects attitudes and subjective norms, which has different values \u200b\u200bacross individuals. In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now read: \u201cThis study reveals how the COVID-19 pandemic has not had a significant impact on forest management specially on Tenganan forests and Wanagiri forests in Bali. This study has presented an enhanced version of the TPB model that adds a new variable called THK to explain the behavior of migrant-receiving families in order to provide an answer to the condition. The conclusion is that THK, which is a value in Balinese society, is an antecedent predictor of behavioral intention to manage forests sustainably, mediated by attitude, SN, and PBC. The effect of THK on behavioral intentions is mediated by subjective norms. This suggests that THK functions as a collective moral compass rather than merely an individual belief. In the Balinese context, the THK philosophy is embedded in social expectations. Therefore, individuals are socially enforced to practice sustainable forest management by maintaining harmony with their community (Pawongan) and their environment (Palemahan), as expected by their social environment. THK significantly affects behavioral intentions through the mediation of perceived behavioral control. This suggests that THK values \u2014 particularly social cohesion found in Pawongan (formal rule, customary law, or economic necessity)\u2014strengthen individuals' sense of independence and self-efficacy. THK has improved respondents\u2019 sense of empowerment and perceptually reduced barriers to practice sustainable forest management, as they relied on the collective strength and traditional institutional support inherent in the THK framework.\u201d   Fourth, we appreciate the reviewer\u2019s emphasis on model stability. Nevertheless, the Inverse Square Root (ISV) and Exponential Gamma (EG) methods are primarily designed for research of large target population. Both ISV and EG are applied to determine the minimum sample size in research, especially in Structural Equation Modeling, where the target population is large. These methods were developed to: (1) overcome the limitations of the \u201c10-fold rule of thumb\u201d which often results in inaccurate sample size estimates in more complex models; and (2) ISR and EG are particularly useful in a large target population research, but require a more efficient and accurate minimum sample size estimate based on the lowest R2 value and the lowest path coefficients in the model (Kock &amp; Hadaya, 2018). Meanwhile, the aim of this study is to gain improved understanding of the behavior of migrant-receiving families. The word &quot;migrants&quot; in this study exclusively refers to return migrants, namely the inevitably laid off workers due to COVID-19. This study focuses on the hometown of the migrants by focusing on the behavior of migrant-receiving families (especially managers of customary forests and village forests). The research objectives and focus above clearly defines that the target population is specific (forest management families who foster the laid-off relatives due to COVID-19).&nbsp; Therefore, in our opinion, ISR and EG are not relevant. However, in the article, we have searched for and written the GoF value. The benefits of the GoF value are: (1) Assessing the Predictive Ability of the Model; (2) Preventing Information Failure; and (3) Providing Legitimacy to the Model (Parsimony). In accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: \u201cBefore testing the hypothesis, we calculate the Goodness-of-Fit (GoF). Overall, GoF should be the starting point for model assessment. If the model does not fit the data, then the data contains more information than the model can convey (Henseler et al. 2016). The benefits of GoF are: (1) Assessing Model Predictive Ability. The main benefit of GoF is that it is a single index to evaluate the overall quality of both measurement models and structural models (Tenenhaus et al., 2005); (2) Preventing Information Failure. GoF serves to ensure that the model does not &quot;throw away&quot; important information contained in the data. Lack of fitness of the model will result in debatable conclusions (Henseler et al. 2016), (3) Providing Legitimacy to the Model (Parsimony). GoF is beneficial to provide evidence the simple model can be very effective in explaining complex phenomena (Wetzels et al. 2009). The GoF value in this study is 0.685. Referring to Henseler et al.'s (2016) criteria, this value exceeds the threshold for the large category, indicating that the proposed model has high consistency with the data. Therefore, the proposed model is consistent with the data, and the tested model is parsimonious and reasonable.\u201d  Fifth, in accordance with the reviewer's questions, we have revised the article. It now reads: \u201cThe non-probabilistic sampling strategy is applied in this study to acknowledge several limitations to the external validity of the findings. Rather than offering universal generalizations across all social forestry models, the results of this study apply only to villages with similar socio-ecological profiles. In particular, these findings represent autonomously and traditionally managed by villages based on customary law (awig-awig), with communal land ownership, and the state-owned forests managed collaboratively by the Village Forest Management Institution and the government, namely the Ministry of Environment and Forestry.\u201d","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-1457\/v4#referee-comment-15746","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-15746","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"ARSF3-ECR Project Plan, Project Code 002-Lukas Wibowo-Indonesia.\u202f\u202f. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}