{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:41:10Z","timestamp":1788475270089,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]],"date-time":"2018-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539216000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bologna RFO"},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research"},{"name":"Fondazione del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna, Bologna, Italy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is a condition characterized by intestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms related to the ingestion of gluten-containing foods in the absence of celiac disease and wheat allergy. The diagnosis is cumbersome and currently confirmed only by gluten withdrawal and double-blind placebo challenge protocols. There is great overlap in symptoms between NCGS and other functional gastrointestinal disorders, making a differential diagnosis difficult. The pathophysiology of NCGS is largely unclear, and there are contrasting data on the trigger of this condition. This review will highlight the state-of-the-art knowledge on NCGS and the key open questions.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15849.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]],"date-time":"2018-10-11T09:50:17Z","timestamp":1539251417000},"page":"1631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Recent advances in understanding non-celiac gluten sensitivity"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Maria 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GB. GB is a recipient of an educational grant from Fondazione del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna (Bologna, Italy). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}