{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:09:09Z","timestamp":1772168949292,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.158974.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000}}],"reference-count":27,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Objectives Good oral hygiene measures are important for successful orthodontic treatment. They involve various types of mouthwashes which have been reported to cause alteration of mechanical properties of archwires. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a new kind of chlorine-dioxide-containing mouthwash on the mechanical properties and surface morphology of stainless steel orthodontic archwires against the already prevalent chlorhexidine mouthwash in the market. Method Group A \u2013 Chlorhexidine mouthwash 0.2% (study), Group B \u2013 Chlorine Dioxide mouthwash (study), and Group C \u2013 Artificial Saliva (control). 42 specimens of 5 cm long 19x25 inch SS archwires were immersed in each group equally. Post immersion, the frictional force was analyzed in the universal testing machine for each group using custom-made acrylic jigs for 10 specimens. The remaining 4 specimens from each group were sent for surface morphology evaluation using an atomic force microscope. Results Friction resistance evaluation for the archwires revealed a mean friction of 0.011 \u00b1 0.0056 in Group A, 0.015 \u00b1 0.0052 in Group B, and 0.010 \u00b1 0.0067 in Group C. Results suggested that the static friction of Group C (control group) was found to be the least when compared with the experimental groups, although not producing statistically significant values. Surface roughness of archwires compared at a 10\u03bcm range revealed a mean roughness of 19.38 \u00b1 0.82 in Group A, 25.39 \u00b1 7.01 in Group B, and 16.65 \u00b1 3.07 in Group C which shows there wasn\u2019t any statistically significant difference in the mean roughness midst the three sets. Conclusion Chlorine dioxide and Chlorhexidine mouthwashes caused an increase in the frictional resistance of the archwires when compared to the control group. When measured at a range of 10\u03bcm the mean surface roughness did not differ across the control and the experimental groups.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.158974.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T12:15:09Z","timestamp":1737461709000},"page":"1442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of chlorine dioxide and chlorhexidine mouthwashes on friction and surface roughness of orthodontic stainless steel wires: an in-vitro comparative study"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0365-7941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shivani","family":"Apte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8957-8914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divya","family":"S","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arun S","family":"Urala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"39-45","article-title":"A clinical and microbiological evaluation of denture cleansers for geriatric patients in long-term care institutions.","volume":"68","author":"M Gornitsky","year":"2002 Jan 1","journal-title":"J Can Dent Assoc."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42-55","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2020.0776.r1.18052021","article-title":"Could polyhexanide and chlorine dioxide be used as an alternative to chlorhexidine? 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wire\u2013bracket combinations in air and different aqueous solutions.","volume":"8","author":"S Al-Khatib","year":"2005","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460-470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2004.12.030","article-title":"In-vitro evaluation of the material characteristics of stainless steel and beta-titanium orthodontic wires.","volume":"130","author":"A Verstrynge","year":"2006 Oct","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3-7","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2017.v10i2.13304","article-title":"Comparison in benefits of herbal mouthwashes with chlorhexidine mouthwash: A review.","volume":"10","author":"S Renuka","year":"2017 Feb 1","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Clin Res."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79-89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.odw.2018.02.001","article-title":"Corrosion of metal orthodontic brackets and archwires caused by fluoride-containing products: Cytotoxicity, metal ion release and surface roughness.","volume":"77","author":"T Yanisarapan","year":"2018 Jun 1","journal-title":"Orthod Waves."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24161","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of frictional resistance between different types of ceramic brackets and stainless steel brackets with Teflon-coated stainless steel and stainless steel archwires: an in-vitro study.","volume":"14","author":"K Bhat","year":"2022 Apr","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.jos_58_23","article-title":"Assessment of the influence of metal ions released from the fixed orthodontic appliances on the static friction and surface topography of stainless steel and I archwires: An in-vitro study.","volume":"12","author":"H Yakop","year":"2023 Nov","journal-title":"J Orthod 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Salih Al Qassar, University of Mosul, Mosul, 22 Jan 2025, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/13-1442\/v2#referee-response-361339","order":2,"name":"referee-response-361339","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}