{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:56:59Z","timestamp":1789509419570,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537142400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : Minimally invasive dentistry aims to prevent progression of caries and treats non-cavitated lesions through non-invasive approaches to preserve the integrity of tooth structure. The aim of this research was to investigate the possible biomimetic effect of agarose hydrogel in remineralizing a human demineralized enamel model.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : Mandibular third molars were distributed into three groups (G1, G2 and G3) according to the follow up time (2, 4 and 6 days respectively). Caries like lesion was prepared by applying 37% phosphoric acid gel for 1 minute and then remineralization was performed through applying agarose hydrogel on the demineralized surfaces. The specimens were placed in phosphate solution at 37\u02daC for 2, 4 &amp; 6 days. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), surface microhardness (SMH) and surface roughness analysis (SR) were performed to assess the regenerated tissue.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : SEM revealed mineral depositions on the demineralized enamel surface that increased in density by time resulting in a relatively smooth surface in G3. SR and SMH analysis revealed significant differences between the remineralized enamel surfaces of different groups (p&lt; 0.00001) with the highest SR in G1 and the highest SMH in G3.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : Agarose hydrogel application is a promising approach to treat early carious lesion. Further studies are needed to clarify the stability of agarose hydrogels in clinical application.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.16050.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T11:05:10Z","timestamp":1537182310000},"page":"1476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Biomimetic remineralization of acid etched enamel using agarose hydrogel model"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2860-8523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"El Moshy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6455-7516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa M.S.","family":"Abbass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal M.","family":"El-Motayam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4-7","DOI":"10.1177\/0895937409335590","article-title":"Remineralization, the natural caries repair process--the need for new approaches.","volume":"21","author":"J Featherstone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv Dent Res."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/433819a","article-title":"Materials chemistry: a synthetic enamel for rapid tooth repair.","volume":"433","author":"K Yamagishi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3317-25","DOI":"10.1039\/B503312H","article-title":"Influence of surfactant assembly on the formation of calcium phosphate materials\u2014A model for dental enamel formation.","volume":"15","author":"C Fowler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Mater Chem."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846-51","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200502401","article-title":"Acellular synthesis of a human enamel\u2010like microstructure.","volume":"18","author":"H Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Mater."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4062-5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2007.01.040","article-title":"Ribbon-like and rod-like hydroxyapatite crystals deposited on titanium surface with electrochemical method.","volume":"61","author":"W Ye","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater Lett."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138-44","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31931","article-title":"Biomimetic mineralization of dentin induced by agarose gel loaded with calcium phosphate.","volume":"100","author":"T Ning","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410-20","DOI":"10.1021\/am4044823","article-title":"Agarose hydrogel biomimetic mineralization model for the regeneration of enamel prismlike tissue.","volume":"6","author":"Y Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54-60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2016.09.015","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopic analysis of using agarose hydrogel microenvironment to create enamel prism-like tissue on dentine surface.","volume":"55","author":"C Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dent."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41955","article-title":"In vivo remineralization of dentin using an agarose hydrogel biomimetic mineralization system.","volume":"7","author":"M Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428-31","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200352183","article-title":"Regeneration of human tooth enamel.","volume":"43","author":"S Busch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891-8","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/28903","article-title":"Natural and Controlled Demineralization for Study Purposes in Minimally Invasive Dentistry.","volume":"24","author":"M Skucha-Nowak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535-42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2014.08.014","article-title":"Enamel prism-like tissue regeneration using enamel matrix derivative.","volume":"42","author":"Y Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dent."},{"key":"ref-13","article-title":"Dataset 1 in: Biomimetic remineralization of acid etched enamel using agarose hydrogel model.","author":"S El Moshy","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research."},{"key":"ref-14","article-title":"Dataset 2 in: Biomimetic remineralization of acid etched enamel using agarose hydrogel model.","author":"S El Moshy","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1476\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1476\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1476\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]],"date-time":"2018-12-06T15:11:15Z","timestamp":1544109075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1476\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"references-count":14,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.16050.1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.17529.r39250","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.17529.r39249","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.17529.r38418","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.17529.r38419","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.17529.r39209","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.17529.r38418","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.17529.r38419","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.17529.r39249","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.17529.r39209","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.17529.r39250","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1476\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.17529.r38418, Raneem Farouk Obeid, Radwa Taher el sharkawy, Department of Oral Biology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt, 20 Sep 2018, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1476\/v1#referee-response-38418","order":0,"name":"referee-response-38418","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.17529.r38419, Nehad Samir Taha, Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Misr International University\u00a0(MIU), Cairo, Egypt, 05 Oct 2018, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1476\/v1#referee-response-38419","order":1,"name":"referee-response-38419","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.17529.r39209, Mohamed Shamel, Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Modern Sciences and Arts University, Cairo, Egypt, 15 Oct 2018, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1476\/v1#referee-response-39209","order":2,"name":"referee-response-39209","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.17529.r39250, Mahmoud M. Al-Ankily, Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt, 15 Oct 2018, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1476\/v1#referee-response-39250","order":3,"name":"referee-response-39250","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.17529.r39249, Mahmoud M. Bakr, School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld, Australia, 17 Oct 2018, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1476\/v1#referee-response-39249","order":4,"name":"referee-response-39249","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Radwa Elsharkawy<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 26 Sep 2018<\/i>; Interesting topic, here are some points to be considered:  In the methodology: specimens with defects (erosions, cracks, visible stains, hypo-calcification) were excluded and you mentioned that teeth are surgically extracted third molar, \n<u>erosion and visible stains detected in erupted teeth not impacted ones.<\/u> Etching pattern in&nbsp;SEM results with no reference. Discussion is too short.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1476\/v1#article-response-4011","order":5,"name":"article-response-4011","label":"Article Comment","group":{"name":"article-comments","label":"Article Comments"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":6,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero \"No rights reserved\" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}