{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:09:13Z","timestamp":1772168953409,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.162577.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000}}],"reference-count":69,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Trans-Atlantic Platform for Social Sciences and Humanities","award":["2021\/07508-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/07508-6"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000267","name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R\/172830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R\/172830"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000267","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Social Science and Humanities Research Council","award":["2005-2021-0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2005-2021-0011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the global adoption of open science (OS) practices. However, as the pandemic subsides, the debate around OS continues to evolve. This study investigates how the pandemic has shaped the OS discourse and identifies key issues and challenges. Interviews were conducted with influential actors across the research and publishing communities. The findings show that while many areas of debate remained constant, the ways in which they were discussed exposed underlying systemic challenges, which must be addressed if OS is to progress. These issues included the scope and definition of OS; regional variations in its implementation; the relationship between OS and fundamental questions of the purpose and practice of science; and the need to reform incentives and reward structures within research systems. A more complex understanding of OS is required, which takes into account the importance of equity and diversity and the challenges of implementing OS in different cultural and geographical contexts. The study emphasises the importance of shifting scientific culture to prioritise values such as quality, integrity, and openness, and reforming rewards structures to incentivise open practices.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.162577.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T09:55:08Z","timestamp":1754301308000},"page":"500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u201cIt\u2019s messy and it\u2019s massive\u201d: How has the open science debate developed in the post-COVID era?"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4129-3316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie T","family":"Benson Marshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4696-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Pinfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2587-245X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9344-7439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Alperin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3586-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natascha","family":"Chtena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7182-4061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Fleerackers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539-620","DOI":"10.1007\/s11422-007-9067-8","article-title":"Indigenous knowledge and science revisited.","volume":"2","author":"G Aikenhead","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cult. Stud. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Open science during coronavirus outbreak \u2013 an overview of the manifestations of openness.","author":"J Ala-Kyyny","year":"2020, April 30","journal-title":"Think Open."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20210022","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2021.0022","article-title":"What the COVID-19 pandemic reveals about science, policy and society.","volume":"11","author":"P Ball","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interface Focus."},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"US pushes integration of indigenous knowledge in science.","author":"P Basken","year":"2023, October 24","journal-title":"Times Higher Education."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50-54","DOI":"10.1177\/0020731420946594","article-title":"We Must Take Advantage of This Pandemic to Make a Radical Social Change: The Coronavirus as a Global Health, Inequality, and Eco-Social Problem.","volume":"51","author":"J Benach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Serv."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-14","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-03804-w","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on the debate on open science: A qualitative analysis of published materials from the period of the pandemic.","volume":"11","author":"M Benson Marshall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7910\/DVN\/K9QSWD","article-title":"\u201cIt\u2019s messy and it\u2019s massive\u201d: How has the open science debate developed in the post-COVID era?","volume":"V4","author":"M Benson Marshall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Harvard Dataverse."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01304-y","article-title":"Open science saves lives: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"21","author":"L Besan\u00e7on","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.559905","article-title":"Call for action to address equity and justice divide during COVID-19.","volume":"11","author":"S Bhaskar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6407-6434","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-024-04982-9","article-title":"Life scientists\u2019 experience with posting preprints during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"129","author":"K Biesenbender","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientometrics."},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Global Health Data Sharing: The Case of China and the Two Coronavirus Pandemics.","author":"J Bouey","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.20.432090","article-title":"Preprints in motion: Tracking changes between preprint posting and journal publication during a pandemic (p. 2021.02.20.432090).","author":"L Brierley","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.4055181","article-title":"Ensuring global equity in open research.","author":"S Bull","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wellcome Trust."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167-168","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-01520-4","article-title":"Will the pandemic permanently alter scientific publishing?","volume":"582","author":"E Callaway","year":"2020, June 3","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref82","article-title":"Open Science.","year":"n.d."},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Read the Declaration \u2013 Budapest Open Access Initiative.","author":"L Chan","year":"2002, February 14"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499-507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01033-y","article-title":"Global landscape of SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance and data sharing.","volume":"54","author":"Z Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/SciELOPreprints.7366","article-title":"The neglect of equity and inclusion in open science policies of Europe and the Americas.","author":"N Chtena","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Preprints: How draft academic papers have become essential in the fight against COVID.","author":"J Coates","year":"2021, April 28","journal-title":"The Conversation."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006928","article-title":"Following the science? Views from scientists on government advisory boards during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative interview study in five European countries.","volume":"6","author":"E Colman","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785-802","DOI":"10.1093\/joc\/jqab025","article-title":"Towards an Inclusive Agenda of Open Science for Communication Research: A Latin American approach.","volume":"71","author":"T Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803-826","DOI":"10.1093\/joc\/jqab027","article-title":"Decolonizing Open Science: Southern Interventions.","volume":"71","author":"M Dutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 1","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajtas.20160501.11","article-title":"Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling.","volume":"5","author":"I Etikan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Theor. Appl. Stat."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17-47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-00026-8_2","author":"B Fecher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opening science: The evolving guide on how the internet is changing research, collaboration and scholarly publishing."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000959","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000959","article-title":"The evolving role of preprints in the dissemination of COVID-19 research and their impact on the science communication landscape.","volume":"19","author":"N Fraser","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5-20","DOI":"10.1177\/1475725719869164","article-title":"Open Science Promotes Diverse, Just, and Sustainable Research and Educational Outcomes.","volume":"19","author":"J Grahe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Learn. Teach."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715-716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2020.07.002","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on research.","volume":"16","author":"L Harper","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01812-4","article-title":"Why preprints are good for patients.","volume":"28","author":"P Horby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-020-00700-x","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic underscores the need for an equity-focused global health agenda.","volume":"8","author":"N Jensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100221","article-title":"Multi-country collaboration in responding to global infectious disease threats: Lessons for Europe from the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"9","author":"M Jit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A04","DOI":"10.22323\/2.22010204","article-title":"\u2018Pandem-icons\u2019\u2014Exploring the characteristics of highly visible scientists during the Covid-19 pandemic.","volume":"22","author":"M Joubert","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2034518","article-title":"Leveraging open science to accelerate research.","volume":"384","author":"K Kadakia","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"How science moved beyond peer review during the pandemic.","author":"M Koerth","year":"2021, July 8","journal-title":"FiveThirtyEight."},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Dismantling the ivory tower\u2019s knowledge boundaries.","author":"J Lane","year":"2022, May 3","journal-title":"Brookings."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71-94","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-237X(200001)84:1<71::AID-SCE6>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Scientific literacy: A conceptual overview.","volume":"84","author":"R Laugksch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-01638-1","article-title":"China\u2019s souped-up data privacy laws deter researchers.","author":"D Lewis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/bg9a4","article-title":"Advancing Transparency and Impact of Research: Initiating Crosstalk between Indigenous Research and Mainstream \u201cOpen Science\u201d.","volume":"9","author":"P Lui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Indigenous Research."},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Reflecting on Restricted Access to a Chinese Research Lifeline.","author":"R MacDougall","year":"2023, April 25","journal-title":"Ithaka S+R."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353-354","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-00638-3","article-title":"China\u2019s five-year plan focuses on scientific self-reliance.","volume":"591","author":"S Mallapaty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570-571","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-00744-4","article-title":"China is mobilizing science to spur development\u2014And self-reliance.","volume":"615","author":"S Mallapaty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-00695-4","article-title":"China promises more money for science in 2024.","author":"S Mallapaty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566-1584","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2021.1942822","article-title":"What drives global science? The four competing narratives.","volume":"47","author":"S Marginson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stud. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"115-126","article-title":"A note on science and democracy.","volume":"1","author":"R Merton","year":"1942","journal-title":"J. Legal Pol. Sociol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-2115-6","author":"F Miedema","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open science: The very idea."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388-398","DOI":"10.1080\/0950069880100406","article-title":"Public understanding of science: From contents to processes.","volume":"10","author":"R Millar","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23-26","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-6625\/1\/1\/005","article-title":"Toward a scientific understanding of the public understanding of science and technology.","volume":"1","author":"J Miller","year":"1992","journal-title":"Public Underst. Sci."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2020.114299","article-title":"Global soil science research collaboration in the 21st century: Time to end helicopter research.","volume":"373","author":"B Minasny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geoderma."},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"The Supervision Department of the Ministry of Science and Technology issued the \u2018Guidelines on Responsible Research Conduct (2023)\u2019.","year":"2023, December 21"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acalib.2020.102296","article-title":"International movement of open access to scientific knowledge: A quantitative analysis of country involvement.","volume":"47","author":"V Moskovkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Acad. Librariansh."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71-85","DOI":"10.1080\/0361526X.2023.2296880","article-title":"From Orality to Digital Assets: Managing Indigenous Knowledge in Africa in the Wake of the Open Science Movement.","volume":"84","author":"P Ngulube","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ser. Libr."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-26","DOI":"10.1080\/00220620.2024.2394055","article-title":"Navigating power dynamics in elite interviews.","author":"H Niu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Educ. Adm. Hist."},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Why open science is critical to combatting COVID-19.","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"Critical Public Health: Protest against APCs at Taylor & Francis.","year":"2023, July 21"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429276842","author":"S Pinfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open access in theory and practice: The theory-practice relationship and openness."},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"\u2018Not a free-for-all\u2019: Indigenous communities want limits on how their data are shared.","volume":"386","author":"S Ravindran","year":"2024, October 24","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641-641","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-01391-5","article-title":"Editors quit top neuroscience journal to protest against open-access charges.","volume":"616","author":"K Sanderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"Open science as part of a well-functioning research system.","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203906804","author":"L Semali","year":"1999","journal-title":"What is Indigenous Knowledge?: Voices from the Academy."},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"COVID-19 has profoundly changed the way we conduct and share research. Let\u2019s not return to business as usual when the pandemic is over!","author":"K Shearer","year":"2020, September 24","journal-title":"Impact of Social Sciences."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0272730","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272730","article-title":"National differences in dissemination and use of open access literature.","volume":"17","author":"M Simard","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS ONE."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17-37","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-4276-3_2","author":"C Stracke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radical Solutions and Open Science: An Open Approach to Boost Higher Education."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17-36","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526405555.n2","author":"G Terry","year":"2017","journal-title":"The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research in Psychology."},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science.","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-024-01551-y","article-title":"\u2018I couldn\u2019t say goodbye\u2019: Thematic analysis of interviews with bereaved relatives who lost their loved ones during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"23","author":"K Vlckova","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Palliat. Care."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939-950","DOI":"10.1093\/scipol\/scae034","article-title":"Science and the nation-state: What China\u2019s experience reveals about the role of policy in science.","volume":"51","author":"C Wagner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Public Policy."},{"key":"ref74","article-title":"Sharing research data and findings relevant to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak.","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"263-267","article-title":"The nine flavours of open access scholarly publishing.","volume":"49","author":"J Willinsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111-121","DOI":"10.1177\/016224399101600108","article-title":"Knowledges in context.","volume":"16","author":"B Wynne","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Hum. Values."},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"Coronavirus tests science\u2019s need for speed limits.","author":"W Yan","year":"2020, April 14","journal-title":"The New York Times."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-500\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-500\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-500\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T09:55:11Z","timestamp":1754301311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-500\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"references-count":69,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.162577.2","relation":{"has-version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/f1000research.162577.1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.185903.r402368","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-500\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.178802.r386194, Cameron Neylon, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 13 Jun 2025, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-500\/v1#referee-response-386194","order":0,"name":"referee-response-386194","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.178802.r386191, Diana Lucio-Arias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1, Bogota, 16 Jun 2025, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-500\/v1#referee-response-386191","order":1,"name":"referee-response-386191","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.178802.r386192, Richard Holliman, The Open University, Milton Keynes, England, 20 Jun 2025, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-500\/v1#referee-response-386192","order":2,"name":"referee-response-386192","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported by the Trans-Atlantic Platform for Social Sciences and Humanities (T-AP) (grant number 2021\/07508-6), with contributions from: the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC, UK), grant R\/172830; and the Social Science and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC, Canada), grant 2005-2021-0011. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}