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However, paralleling our improved understanding of the biology of pancreatic cancer, treatment paradigms have also continued to evolve with newer advances in surgical techniques, chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy (RT) techniques, and immunotherapy paradigms. RT dose, modality, fraction size, and sequencing are being evaluated actively, and the interplay between RT and immune effects has opened up newer avenues of research. In this review, we will emphasize recent advances in RT for pancreatic cancer, focusing on preoperative chemoradiation, RT dose escalation, sparing of the spleen to reduce lymphopenia, and combination of RT with immunotherapy.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.16272.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]],"date-time":"2018-12-13T12:50:10Z","timestamp":1544705410000},"page":"1931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Recent advances in radiation therapy of pancreatic cancer"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Bhanu Prasad","family":"Venkatesulu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-En","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith L","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1340-4771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7-30","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21332","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2016.","volume":"66","author":"R Siegel","year":"2016","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605-17","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0901557","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer.","volume":"362","author":"M Hidalgo","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806-13","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.17.7188","article-title":"DPC4 gene status of the primary carcinoma correlates with patterns of failure in patients with pancreatic cancer.","volume":"27","author":"C Iacobuzio-Donahue","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195-200","DOI":"10.1007\/s002689900215","article-title":"Recurrence after resection for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.","volume":"21","author":"C Sperti","year":"1997","journal-title":"World J Surg."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600-4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2008.12.006","article-title":"Patterns of recurrence after curative resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.","volume":"35","author":"A Van den Broeck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936-45","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002234","article-title":"Patterns, Timing, and Predictors of Recurrence Following Pancreatectomy for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.","volume":"267","author":"V Groot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Surg."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320-37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2016.05.002","article-title":"Recent Advances and Prospects for Multimodality Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer.","volume":"26","author":"A Chadha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Radiat Oncol."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337-9","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2078-6891.2013.027","article-title":"Intensifying local radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer-who benefits and how do we select them?","volume":"4","author":"S Krishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Oncol."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47-55","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22735","article-title":"Induction chemotherapy selects patients with locally advanced, unresectable pancreatic cancer for optimal benefit from consolidative chemoradiation therapy.","volume":"110","author":"S Krishnan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727-33","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-009-0408-6","article-title":"Pretreatment assessment of resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: expert consensus statement.","volume":"16","author":"M Callery","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035-46","DOI":"10.1245\/ASO.2006.08.011","article-title":"Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: definitions, management, and role of preoperative therapy.","volume":"13","author":"G Varadhachary","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144-8","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199302000-00008","article-title":"Resection margins in carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.17772.r41753, Terence Sio, Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 14 Dec 2018, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1931\/v1#referee-response-41753","order":0,"name":"referee-response-41753","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.17772.r41754, Jeffrey Meyer, Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA, 14 Dec 2018, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/7-1931\/v1#referee-response-41754","order":1,"name":"referee-response-41754","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This study was supported in part by the MD Anderson Cancer Center support grant P30 CA16672 and funding from the John E. and Dorothy J. Harris Endowed Professorship and U01CA216468 (to SK). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}