{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T10:02:23Z","timestamp":1779876143309,"version":"3.53.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.162878.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.162878.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.162878.3","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000}}],"reference-count":32,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    Background The heavy metal contamination of water leads to major environmental and health problems throughout the Mantaro River basin area. The study assesses the adsorption capacity of surface-modified chak\u2019o nano-clay for extracting lead (Pb\n                    <ns3:sup>2+<\/ns3:sup>\n                    ) and arsenic (As\n                    <ns3:sup>5+<\/ns3:sup>\n                    ). Methods Surface modifications of unmodified nano-clay were achieved using through Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), iron oxide (Fe\n                    <ns3:sub>3<\/ns3:sub>\n                    O\n                    <ns3:sub>4<\/ns3:sub>\n                    ), and combined APTES + Fe\n                    <ns3:sub>3<\/ns3:sub>\n                    O\n                    <ns3:sub>4<\/ns3:sub>\n                    modifications of unmodified nano-clay particles. Adsorption performance was assessed through batch experiments over 8 hours. BET and XPS analyses were conducted to determine surface area, pore volume, and functional group availability. Adsorption kinetics were modeled using a pseudo-second-order model, and equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir isotherm. Results The dual surface modification produced maximum removal capacities which led to a 95\u2013100% removal performance of Pb\n                    <ns3:sup>2+<\/ns3:sup>\n                    and As\n                    <ns3:sup>5+<\/ns3:sup>\n                    over 8 hours. The BET and XPS analysis demonstrated that surface area (300 m\n                    <ns3:sup>2<\/ns3:sup>\n                    \/g to 375 m\n                    <ns3:sup>2<\/ns3:sup>\n                    \/g) and pore volume (0.420 cm\n                    <ns3:sup>3<\/ns3:sup>\n                    \/g to 0.600 cm\n                    <ns3:sup>3<\/ns3:sup>\n                    \/g) as well as functional group availability increased substantially thus resulting in improved adsorption. The pseudo-second-order model fit well for adsorption kinetic data while equilibrium data fit Langmuir isotherm behavior to describe monolayer adsorption. The dual treatment of APTES in combination with iron oxide generated an adsorbent with better magnetic properties and electrical conductivity thus improving its recovery potential and structural stability. The dual-modified nano-clay showed high stability during three cycles through desorption tests because it maintained more than 90% of its original adsorption capacity throughout the process. Conclusion The research shows that specialized surface treatments deliver advanced heavy metal absorption abilities to chak\u2019o nano-clay which positions it as a leading choice for sustainable water system heavy metal remediation.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.162878.4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T09:04:11Z","timestamp":1779872651000},"page":"334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surface engineering of chak\u2019o nano-clay with iron oxide and APTES for enhanced heavy metal adsorption in water treatment"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7007-3059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russbelt","family":"Yaulilahua-Huacho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Huancavelica Facultad de Ciencias de Ingenieria, National University of Huancavelica, Avenida Agricultura 319-321, Paturpampa, Huancavelica, 09001, Per\u00fa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana Asunci\u00f3n","family":"Sumarriva-Bustinza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lima Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n Enrique Guzm\u00e1n y Valle, Avenida Enrique Guzman y Valle N\u00ba 951, La Cantuta, Chosica, Lurigancho, Lima, 150118, Per\u00fa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Luis","family":"Huere-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huancavelica Facultad de Ciencias de Ingenieria, National University of Huancavelica, Avenida Agricultura 319-321, Paturpampa, Huancavelica, 09001, Per\u00fa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Due\u00f1as-Jurado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huancavelica Facultad de Ciencias de Ingenieria, National University of Huancavelica, Avenida Agricultura 319-321, Paturpampa, Huancavelica, 09001, Per\u00fa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin Javier","family":"Ccente-Chancha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huancavelica Facultad de Ciencias de Ingenieria, National University of Huancavelica, Avenida Agricultura 319-321, Paturpampa, Huancavelica, 09001, Per\u00fa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Ayuque-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Juan Francisco Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Arguedas, Jir\u00f3n Juan Francisco Ramos N\u00b0 380, Andahuaylas, 030201, Per\u00fa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huancavelica Facultad de Ciencias de Ingenieria, National University of Huancavelica, Avenida Agricultura 319-321, Paturpampa, Huancavelica, 09001, Per\u00fa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam Liz","family":"Palacios-Mucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huancayo Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Peruana Los Andes, Avenida Av. 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Comment 2 \u2014 \n<i>Selectivity between Pb&sup2;\u207a and As\u2075\u207a not examined; performance in simultaneous presence not assessed<\/i> \n<b>Answer:<\/b> We address selectivity in two complementary ways: (i) quantify \n<b>apparent selectivity<\/b> from single-solute isotherms (no new experiments needed) and (ii) add a \n<b>binary-system protocol<\/b> for future\/ongoing tests.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-334\/v4#referee-comment-14599","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-14599","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.192746.r444495, Shuping Wu, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 31 Dec 2025, version 3, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-334\/v3#referee-response-444495","order":2,"name":"referee-response-444495","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.195350.r452052, Beatriz Miguel Hernandez, Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Region of Murcia, 04 Feb 2026, version 4, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-334\/v4#referee-response-452052","order":3,"name":"referee-response-452052","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}