{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:08:47Z","timestamp":1772168927999,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.164457.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000}}],"reference-count":15,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Introduction The brachial plexus block is one of the most commonly used anaesthesia techniques for upper limb surgeries. The supraclavicular brachial plexus block (SCBB) has been a frequently performed technique because it provides excellent quality of blockade, faster onset, and dense blockade. Different adjuvants and local anaesthetics are used to improve the onset and quality of the blockade. In our study, the local anaesthetic used was 0.5% levobupivacaine, and the adjuvants used were buprenorphine and nalbuphine. Materials and Methods Our study, a randomised, prospective double-blinded investigation, was conducted on 60 patients scheduled for elective upper limb orthopaedic surgeries. We performed the Supraclavicular brachial plexus block with 25 ml of 0.5% levobupivacaine plain (Group L) or with buprenorphine (Group LB) or with nalbuphine (Group LN) as adjuvants. We recorded the onset, duration of blockade (motor and sensory), sedation score, and time for rescue analgesia. Results The onset of sensorimotor blockade was notably faster in Group LB than in Group LN or Group L. The sensorimotor blockade duration was significantly prolonged in Group LB compared to LN and L. Group LB also had a delayed time after 12 hrs for rescue analgesia compared to the other two groups. Conclusion Buprenorphine as an adjuvant to 0.5% levobupivacaine in ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block significantly shortens the onset of sensorimotor blockade and enhances the duration of blockade when compared to nalbuphine. Both the adjuvants delayed the time for request of rescue analgesia compared to plain levobupivacaine.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.164457.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T16:54:06Z","timestamp":1766076846000},"page":"646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of effects of 0.5 % levobupivacaine with buprenorphine and nalbuphine in ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block- A Randomised Control Trial"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6852-5781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suvajit","family":"Podder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3354-0172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepali","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6722-4119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shweta","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5884-0025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shwetha","family":"Krishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Souvik","family":"Chaudhuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4931-0873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahesh","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aditya Rameshbabu","family":"Devalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0703-6180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesica","family":"Maria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"210-221","article-title":"Brachial plexus anesthesia: a review of the relevant anatomy, complications and anatomical variations.","volume":"27","author":"A Milan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. 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Analg."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34-41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2019.10.002","article-title":"Basic pharmacology of local anaesthetics.","volume":"20","author":"A Taylor","year":"2020 Feb 1","journal-title":"BJA Educ."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307-323","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v5.i8.307","article-title":"Adjuvants to local anesthetics: Current understanding and future trends.","volume":"5","author":"A Swain","year":"2017 Aug 16","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172702","article-title":"Nalbuphine, a kappa opioid receptor agonist and mu opioid receptor antagonist attenuates pruritus, decreases IL-31, and increases IL-10 in mice with contact dermatitis.","volume":"864","author":"S Inan","year":"2019 Dec 1","journal-title":"Eur. J. 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Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.28910759.v2","author":"S Podder","year":"2025","journal-title":"figshare."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-646\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-646\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-646\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T02:59:12Z","timestamp":1767754752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-646\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"references-count":15,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.164457.2","relation":{"has-version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/f1000research.164457.1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.192523.r442883","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.192523.r442883","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-646\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.180977.r399128, Vamshidhar Chamala, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, 25 Nov 2025, version 1, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-646\/v1#referee-response-399128","order":0,"name":"referee-response-399128","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Dr Suvajit Podder<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 25 Nov 2025<\/i>; Thank you so much for reviewing our article.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-646\/v2#referee-comment-14995","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-14995","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.192523.r442883, Siri Kandavar, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Karnataka, 07 Jan 2026, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-646\/v2#referee-response-442883","order":2,"name":"referee-response-442883","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}