{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:45:34Z","timestamp":1782841534333,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns5:p>Introduction This scoping review aims to map existing studies that have employed artificial intelligence (AI) tools within the gambling field, examining their areas of use, current trends, and key findings. Methods and analysis This review will adhere to the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers\u2019 Manual. The review will be organized along the Population, Concept and Context approach. It will include quantitative peer-reviewed studies that examine the use of AI tools within gambling contexts. Searches for relevant articles will be conducted in Web of Science, APA PsycINFO, Medline (Ovid), ProQuest, CINAHL, and Wiley Online Library. A search for grey literature will be conducted in GreyLit. Org, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Google Scholar, and Google search engine, reviewing the first 50 results in Incognito mode. Two independent reviewers will perform screening, selection, and data extraction, with disagreements resolved through discussion or consultation with a third reviewer. The results will be presented in graphical and tabular format, accompanied by a narrative summary following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The protocol has been pre-registered in Open Science Framework: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/FMBE6 Ethics and dissemination This study protocol is exempted from ethical approval. The planned review aims to describe how AI has been used within the gambling field and has as such as a goal to inform various stakeholders such as clinicians, gambling operators as well as regulatory authorities. The scoping review will be published in an open access journal.<\/ns5:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.167592.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T14:30:06Z","timestamp":1755700206000},"page":"807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Use of artificial intelligence within the gambling field: a scoping review protocol"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5831-0840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e5le","family":"Pallesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Science Bergen 5020 University of Bergen"},{"name":"Norwegian Competence Center for Gambling and Gaming Reseach Research Bergen 5020 University of Bergen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise Constance","family":"Fodstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Science Bergen 5020 University of Bergen"},{"name":"Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research (KORFOR) Stavanger Rogaland Stavanger University Hospital"},{"name":"Norwegian Competence Center for Gambling and Gaming Reseach Research Bergen 5020 University of Bergen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conchita Sisi","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Science Bergen 5020 University of Bergen"},{"name":"Norwegian Competence Center for Gambling and Gaming Reseach Research Bergen 5020 University of Bergen"},{"name":"Department of Pscyhology Villafranca del Castillo Community of Madrid Camilo Jose Cela University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farangis","family":"Sharifibastan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Science Bergen 5020 University of Bergen"},{"name":"Norwegian Competence Center for Gambling and Gaming Reseach Research Bergen 5020 University of Bergen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rune","family":"Krumsvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education Bergen 5020 University of Bergen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailemariam","family":"Weldemariam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Science Bergen 5020 University of Bergen"},{"name":"Norwegian Competence Center for Gambling and Gaming Reseach Research Bergen 5020 University of Bergen"},{"name":"Human Enhancement and Body Image Lab (HEBI Lab) Bergen 5020 University of Bergen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617-630","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1968.01740050105018","article-title":"Gambling and the gambler. 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Based Healthc."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.167592.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000}}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-807\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-807\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-807\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T16:59:27Z","timestamp":1782838767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-807\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"references-count":38,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.167592.1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.184717.r438633","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.184717.r450590","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.184717.r438633","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.184717.r450590","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-version-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/f1000research.167592.2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Approved with reservations, Approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-807\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.184717.r438633, Ren\u00e9 Manass\u00e9 Galekwa, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, 07 Jan 2026, version 1, 2 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-807\/v1#referee-response-438633","order":0,"name":"referee-response-438633","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>St&aring;le Pallesen<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 17 Jun 2026<\/i>; This protocol sets the stage for a scoping review of AI applications within the gambling sector. As the authors point out, AI is already a staple of the digital gambling world\u2014used for everything from harm detection to game design\u2014yet we still lack a clear overview of its methodologies and ethical implications. The study is well-structured and follows established PRISMA-ScR and JBI frameworks. With a transparent search strategy and a pre-registered design, the methodology is both rigorous and reproducible. This work provides a much-needed foundation for anyone looking to understand the intersection of AI and gambling, from operators to policy makers.  \n<b>Critical Recommendations for Scientific Soundness<\/b> To further strengthen the protocol and the subsequent review, I suggest addressing the following points:  \n<b>1. Defining the scope of &quot;AI Tools&quot;<\/b>&nbsp;The inclusion criteria are quite thorough, but the mention of Large Language Models (LLMs) warrants more specific attention. Given the rapid pace of development in 2025, it would be helpful if the authors briefly discussed how they expect LLMs to appear in the gambling sector, perhaps in customer service bots or the analysis of player interactions. Specifically, how will these be categorized in the data charting form? \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> Thank you for this comment. We have now added the following text to the introduction in order to more specifically address the potential role of LLM: &laquo; Furthermore, Large Language Models (LLM) have, for example, been utilized to respond to prompts regarding problem gambling. In this capacity, they can assist individuals in overcoming barriers (e.g., stigma) to seeking help, by offering an anonymous and judgment-free platform. \n<sup>40<\/sup> LLM also hold promise in detecting gambling issues within various online texts. \n<sup>41<\/sup>&laquo;   \n<b>2. Enhancing the Data Extraction Plan (Table 2)<\/b> \n<b>-Ethical Dimensions:<\/b>&nbsp;I recommend adding a dedicated field to Table 2 to capture whether the studies actually discuss ethics (e.g., privacy, algorithmic bias, or player exploitation). This is vital, especially since the introduction already highlights the ethical paradox of AI in this field. \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> We have now added the following field: &laquo;-Ethics (e.g., privacy, algorithmic bias, or player exploitation)&raquo; to the AI dedicated fields in Table 2.  \n<b>-Performance Metrics:<\/b>&nbsp;To make the &quot;key findings&quot; more useful, the authors should ensure they consistently extract performance data like AUC, accuracy, or precision. This will make the final synthesis much more robust. \n<b>RESPONSE: <\/b>We agree and have added the following in terms of key findings &laquo;(e.g., AUC, accuracy, precision)&raquo;.  \n<b>-Refining Dissemination and Impact<\/b>&nbsp;While the dissemination plan is good, its impact could be improved by specifying how the findings will be tailored to different groups. For instance, clinicians might need a focus on risk-detection models, while regulators will be more interested in predictive behavioral modeling. \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> Thank you for this suggestion. The sentences in questions now reads: &laquo;We will prepare a paper for submission to an open-access journal. The paper will present both risk-detection models, highly relevant for clinicians, and predictive behavioral modeling, which is of particular interest to regulators.\u201d  \n<b>3. Recommendation:&nbsp;<\/b> This is a well-conceived and rigorous protocol that addresses a very timely intersection of technology and behavioral health. The methodology is solid and aligns with current scoping review standards.  The manuscript is scientifically sound as it stands, but the protocol would be significantly strengthened if the authors could: -&nbsp;Clarify the exclusion of qualitative research. \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> The following has now been added to the discussion in order to explain why qualitative studies will be excluded: &laquo;Qualitative studies will be excluded as the review aims to map quantifiable outcomes, statistical correlations, and numerical trends that fall outside the scope of qualitative methodologies.\u201d  - Acknowledge the inherent limitations of their grey literature search strategy. \n<b>RESPONSE: <\/b>The following sentences have now been added to the discussion in order to acknowledge\n<b> <\/b>the inherent limitations of their grey literature search strategy: &laquo;To ensure the scientific rigor of the studies included in this scoping review, grey literature will be restricted to conference proceedings and dissertations. Still, this may leave out some relevant publications.\u201d  - Update the data charting form to explicitly capture ethical discussions. Addressing these points will provide a clearer roadmap before the review process officially begins. \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> This has now been updated in the data charting form by adding the following: &laquo;-Ethics (e.g., privacy, algorithmic bias, or player exploitation)&raquo;","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-807\/v1#referee-comment-16448","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-16448","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.184717.r450590, Robert Heirene, Brain & Mind Centre, School of Psychology, Science Faculty, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 27 Feb 2026, version 1, 2 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-807\/v1#referee-response-450590","order":2,"name":"referee-response-450590","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>St&aring;le Pallesen<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 17 Jun 2026<\/i>; \n<b>Dear Authors &amp; Editorial Team,<\/b>  Many thanks for the invitation to review this interesting article. It outlines a protocol for a scoping review of artificial intelligence use cases within the gambling field.  Please see my comments on each of the sections below.  Introduction Third paragraph: \u201cSome AI\u2019s technologies mine data, \u2026\u201d \u2013 this seems like a typo to me. Perhaps it should read \u201cSome AI technologies mine data, \u2026\u201d \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> Thank you so much for detecting this. The typo has now been corrected.  Overall, the introduction sets the scene for this review reasonably well, but the focus seems to be almost exclusively on AI for risk detection, with other use cases only briefly mentioned at the end. There is no mention of large language models, despite the rapid growth in their use in several domains, including gambling (see: Ref 1); although I note that this term is included in the search strategy, which is positive. \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> Thanks for this comment, which parallels a comment from reviewer 1. The planned review will not only focus on AI for risk detection, which we hope our introduction and research questions do indicate. The introduction has now been updated regarding LLM and the following text has been added: &laquo;Furthermore, Large Language Models (LLM) have, for example, been utilized to respond to prompts regarding problem gambling. In this capacity, they can assist individuals in overcoming barriers (e.g., stigma) to seeking help, by offering an anonymous and judgment-free platform. \n<sup>40<\/sup> LLM also hold promise in detecting gambling issues within various online texts. \n<sup>41<\/sup>&raquo; &nbsp; \n<b>Second,<\/b> at least part of the rationale for the review is that there is a \u201clack of current views on the topic\u201d. A very similar review was published recently on this topic, and so the author should be careful to state how their review will differ from this previous article and why their review is necessary:  Cardoso, L. G., Barroso, B. C. R., Piccoli, G., Peixoto, M., Morgado, P., Marques, A., Rocha, C., Griffiths, M. D., Queir&oacute;s, R., &amp; Dores, A. R. (2026). Deep technologies and safer gambling: A systematic review.&nbsp;\n<i>Acta psychologica<\/i>,&nbsp;\n<i>262<\/i>, 106140.&nbsp;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.106140  Another similar review the authors should beware of is:  Binesh, F., &amp; Ghaharian, K. (2025). Identifying Risks and Ethical Considerations of AI in Gambling: A Scoping Review.&nbsp;\n<i>International Journal of Hospitality &amp; Tourism Administration<\/i>, 1\u201331.&nbsp;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15256480.2025.2494575  \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> Thanks for bringing these reviews to our attention. At the time of submission these reviews had not been published. Still, we agree that they definitely should be referred to. We have now, in this regard, added the following text: &laquo;Cardoso and colleagues published a systematic review focusing on how AI can be used to promote safer gambling experiences, \n<sup>48 <\/sup>&nbsp;whereas Binesh and Ghaharian recently reviewed risks and ethical considerations of AI in gambling. \n<sup>4<\/sup>\n<u><sup>9<\/sup><\/u> Further, the text indicating that the present protocol paper refers to the first review on this topic is therefore amended and now reads as follows: \u201cAlthough reviews such as those referred to above have been published, a broader review on AI within the gambling field is missing. We therefore found it timely to broadly and systematically map the use of AI within this domain by employing a scoping review approach.\u201d   Methods Eligibility criteria: Is there a reason why only quantitative studies will be included? A qualitative study is referenced at the end of the introduction, which could be highly informative for this review. \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> The following has been added to the discussion in order to explain why qualitative studies will be excluded: &laquo;Qualitative studies will be excluded as the review aims to map quantifiable outcomes, statistical correlations, and numerical trends that fall outside the scope of qualitative methodologies.\u201d  Eligibility criteria &amp; search strategy: The authors state that only peer-reviewed studies will be included, but then state that they will search grey literature sources like theses databases and conference proceedings (which may or may not have been peer-reviewed). Please clarify this inconsistency. \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> We apologize for this inconsistency. We have now updated the text regarding source types to read: &laquo;This review will mostly include quantitative peer-reviewed studies where AI tools have been used in the context of gambling, alongside selected grey literature.&raquo;  Search strategy: Is there any reason why the initial\/pilot search has not already been conducted and the results integrated into the methods proposed here? \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> No, and the search has now been conducted. The text in question has consequently been updated and reads as follows: &laquo;A preliminary search covering 2025 and 2026, adapted to the specific characteristics of APA PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, was conducted in order to identify additional keywords and index terms (see Table 1).\u201d A total of four search expressions were added (Tree-based algorithms, ChatGPT, Long Short-Term Memory and Gated Recurrent Unit). Additionally, the topic concerning ethics popped up in the initial search \u2013 although this was already mentioned by the two reviewers and consequently added as an AI related topic in the data charting form (table 2).  Search strategy: In section 3, the authors state that the \u201cadequacy of the selected publications will be assessed using the ACCOODS Checklist for grey literature\u201d \u2013 what does \u201cadequacy\u201d mean here? Also, the cited reference links to a Flinders University page that does not contain any mention of a ACCOODS Checklist. Searching for these terms together on the Flinders site or just \u201cACCOODS\u201d does not return any results. Please provide a direct link to the source. \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> In terms of the ACCOODS, the text has now been updated so that it now reads: &laquo;Included grey literature will be assessed using the ACCOODS Checklist, covering the following dimensions: Authority, accuracy, coverage, objectivity, date, and significance.\u201d We apologize for the erroneous link. The correct link to the ACCOODS Checklist has now been provided (reference updated).  Data extraction: The data charting form provided seems acceptable but basic. I would strongly suggest that the authors provide guidance and\/or examples for the more complicated items (e.g., model complexity, type of supervision) to ensure consistency between extractors and across studies. \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> We have now added the following to table 2 to provide more details about model complexity &laquo;(number of parameters, features and interactions in algorithms)&raquo;, and the following in terms of Type of supervision: &laquo;(technical, e.g., based on historical data vs. human involved).&raquo;  Data analysis, presentation and dissemination: \u201cA paper will be produced and sought published in an open access journal.\u201d \u2013 removing the word \u201csought\u201d from this sentence would make it clearer. \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> The sentence has now been somewhat rewritten and the word &laquo;sought&raquo; has been deleted.  Data analysis, presentation and dissemination: Will there be any quantitative synthesis of outcomes? Even summary figures like the number of papers on each topic? I\u2019d like to see the authors give more thought to how they will synthesise the results and outline their strategy here. \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> We agree and have added the following to the text: &laquo;The plan includes utilizing frequency diagrams to illustrate the types of AI models and gambling-related themes. Furthermore, the frequency of technical versus human-involved supervision, alongside specific types of gambling, will be quantified and presented.\u201d  Discussion\/Conclusions There is no discussion or conclusion section. It will be helpful for the authors to include some final comments on the value of this proposed review and what it will contribute to understanding\/practice\/policy. \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> The following have now been added to the discussion: &laquo;Unlike previous reviews on the topic, \n<sup>48, 49<\/sup> this review will provide a broad and comprehensive overview of AI applications within the gambling field. Additionally, it aims to highlight current methodological shortcomings and will suggest directions for future research, while discussing the implications for operators, clinicians, and regulators, respectively.\u201d   Transparency Can the authors please confirm that they will share the data extracted from the reviewed studies on an openly available repository? Apologies if this is included and I missed it. \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> Yes, and the following has now been added to the Data analysis, presentation and dissemination section: &laquo;The final data will be shared on the OSF.\u201d  Overall comments The proposed review sounds interesting, but the authors have not fully explained how it will benefit the field above and beyond what has already been published recently in the literature. Further, many of the methodological details are not clearly outlined. I understand that they plan to pilot test the search strategy and extraction form and then revise these elements of the methodology, but I do not see any reason why this can be done at this stage and included in this protocol. I would expect to see extensive detail of the proposed methodology here to justify a peer-reviewed publication. \n<b>RESPONSE:<\/b> Pilot testing has now been conducted. The text in question has consequently been updated and reads as follows: &laquo;A preliminary search covering 2025 and 2026, adapted to the specific characteristics of APA PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, was conducted in order to identify additional keywords and index terms (see Table 1).\u201d A total of four search expressions were added (Tree-based algorithms, ChatGPT, Long Short-Term Memory, and Gated Recurrent Unit). &nbsp;Additionally, the topic concerning ethics popped up \u2013 although this was already mentioned by the two reviewers and consequently added as an AI related topic in the data charting form (table 2).  I hope the authors find my comments useful in revising their manuscript. \n<b>REPONSE:<\/b> Absolutely. Thank you so much for reviewing the paper and for your constructive and helpful feedback\ufffd\ufffd","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/14-807\/v1#referee-comment-16449","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-16449","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}