{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:52:08Z","timestamp":1791514328044,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.173692.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000}}],"reference-count":29,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"\n Green nanotechnology presents an opportunity in management of osteomyelitis, whereby environmental friendly procedures are used to provide nanoparticles that are of minimal toxicity. Green nanomaterials have the potential of effectively delivering antibiotics to the infected bone sites by incorporation of biocompatible materials to improve the efficiency of the delivery as well as reducing side effects. This sustainable treatment does not only provide safer treatment but also enhances faster healing and curbs infection spread that provides a more viable and environmentally friendly solution in managing osteomyelitis. This study is the first to synthesize poly lactic-\n co<\/ns3:italic>\n -glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles by using\n Phoenix dactylifera L.<\/ns3:italic>\n (Zahidi date) seeds extract as a capping agent in a green approach. 120 osteomyelitis specimens were collected; the nanoparticles were fabricated via a modified double emulsion solvent evaporation\/diffusion technique followed by lyophilization. Characterization via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of green-synthesized PLGA nanoparticles was determined. 40% of the specimens contained\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/ns3:italic>\n and\n Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/ns3:italic>\n ; 20%,\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/ns3:italic>\n ; 10%,\n Proteus mirabilis<\/ns3:italic>\n ; 10%,\n Enterococcus faecium<\/ns3:italic>\n ; and 20%, different Gram-negative bacilli. PLGA nanoparticles do not exhibit considerable crystallization using the date seed extract in XRD analysis, FTIR spectroscopic analysis of PLGA nanoparticles reveals absorption bands characteristic of the polymer\u2019s chemical structure and indicates the presence of functional groups from both PLGA and the bioactive constituents of the date pit extract. (FE-SEM) confirmed the formation of uniformly sized spherical particles (23\u201333 nm) with an amorphous polymeric structure and maintaining the inherent chemical integrity of PLGA. Importantly, the incorporation of bioactive phytochemicals from the date seed extract was confirmed, indicating their participation in the functional activity of the nanoparticles. Antimicrobial activities determined using the broth microdilution method revealed high inhibition against\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/ns3:italic>\n (MIC: 75\u2013125 \u03bcg\/mL) and\n Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/ns3:italic>\n (MIC: 100\u2013125 \u03bcg\/mL). The findings highlight the significance of incorporating agro-industrial waste into the sustainable production of bioactive nanocarriers. The developed PLGA nanoparticles constitute an efficient carrier system with high antibacterial activity and represent a novel therapeutic strategy for treating osteomyelitis.\n <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.173692.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T15:49:05Z","timestamp":1790956145000},"page":"152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eco-Friendly Modified Fabrication of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) Nanoparticles from a Novel Utilized date seed Extract with Potent Antibacterial Properties isolated from Osteomyelitis patients."],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Elaf","family":"Sameer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Baghdad Baghdad Governorate Mustansiriyah University Department of Biology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzan","family":"Saadi Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Baghdad Baghdad Governorate Mustansiriyah University Department of Biology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raad S.","family":"Sabry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Baghdad Baghdad Governorate Mustansiriyah University Department of Physics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saba","family":"Talib Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Baghdad Baghdad Governorate Mustansiriyah University Department of Biology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385-400","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00686-0","article-title":"Skeletal infections: microbial pathogenesis, immunity and clinical management.","volume":"20","author":"E Masters","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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Response: Thank you for this valuable comment. The rationale for selecting Phoenix dactylifera L. seed extract has been clarified in the revised Introduction section. Date seeds were selected because they represent an abundant agricultural by-product containing naturally occurring phytochemical compounds. Their utilization provides a sustainable approach by converting agricultural waste into a value-added component during PLGA nanoparticle fabrication. The extract was used as a natural component during synthesis, while the contribution of individual extract constituents requires further comparative investigation. Comment 2: Please clarify the innovations of this work in the Introduction section. Response: Thank you for this suggestion. The novelty of the study has been clarified in the Introduction section. The revised manuscript highlights the green synthesis of PLGA nanoparticles using Phoenix dactylifera L. seed extract as a sustainable biological component and the evaluation of the developed nanoparticles against clinical osteomyelitis-associated bacterial isolates. Comment 3: Characterization apparatus and write-up should be re-checked. Response: The characterization section has been revised by adding the details of the instruments used. FE-SEM was performed using TESCAN MIRA3 (Czechia), XRD using PHILIPS PW1730 (The Netherlands), and FTIR using PerkinElmer TWO (USA). Comment 4: Please mention the lattice plane in the XRD spectra. Response: The XRD pattern was re-evaluated. Since the prepared PLGA nanoparticles exhibited broad diffraction features associated with an amorphous polymeric structure, no distinct crystalline diffraction peaks were observed; therefore, specific lattice planes (hkl) could not be assigned. This clarification has been added to the revised manuscript. Comment 5: Please produce the UV spectra also. Response: Thank you for this suggestion. UV-Vis spectroscopy was not included in the original experimental design and was therefore not available for the current study. This limitation has been acknowledged, and UV-Vis analysis is suggested for future investigations. Comment 6: Please provide the magnification of SEM images. Response: The magnification information available on the SEM micrograph has been added to the revised figure caption. The SEM image of PLGA nanoparticles is presented with a magnification of 140,000× and a scale bar of 500 nm. Thank you again for the constructive comments. All suggestions have been carefully considered and incorporated into the revised manuscript to improve clarity, reproducibility, and scientific presentation.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-152\/v2#referee-comment-17211","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-17211","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.210698.r526675, Rawa Abdul Redha Aziz, Al-karkh University of Science, Baghdad, 07 Oct 2026, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-152\/v2#referee-response-526675","order":2,"name":"referee-response-526675","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.210698.r527312, Priya Patel, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, 09 Oct 2026, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-152\/v2#referee-response-527312","order":3,"name":"referee-response-527312","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}