{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:04:57Z","timestamp":1784693097112,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.173871.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000}}],"reference-count":39,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"no funding"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns5:p>Diabetic Patients must monitor their Blood Glucose (BG) continually to control their glycemia at least twice a day using a finger prick. Patients visit a laboratory every three months for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the constitution of Iraqi diabetes patients is 13.9%. An Internet of Things (IoT) based framework for non-invasive BG monitoring is recently developed. We aim to enhance the Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM). Starting with a review of IoT technologies and some of CGM commercial devices recommended by ISO 15197 standard. A questionnaire sheet is distributed to determine how much patients in Iraq knew about their health situation and whether they are interested in using new IoT technologies. Women patients are volunteered to check their BG using both finger prick (FP) and a CGM device for comparing. The suggested method is to connect CGM to a smart device to show alarm messages when needed. The results show how important to introduce patients about new technologies. A CGM and FP results are checked for similarity using statistical package. The findings demonstrated that, significantly at P &lt; 0.05, there were no differences between both methods based on the standard Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP) report. This study shows how Iraqi\u2019s patients feel when using a CGM and new IoT technologies. CGM output is accurate but appeared every 15 min which may be uncomfortable. A method is suggested to transfer CGM output to a smart device to be controlled by algorithms, where an alarm message is showed every 8 h when BG is normal or a colored alarm will appear. GMI% will be calculated every two weeks using data stored in the cloud to estimate HbA1c level depending on Markov chain. This figures how BG changes in a shorter timeframe, helping in fine-tune diabetes management plans.<\/ns5:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.173871.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T11:09:09Z","timestamp":1777979349000},"page":"108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advancing Diabetic Care Through Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring Using Optical Sensors and IoT Technologies"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0900-090X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanaa S.","family":"Basheer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Photonics unit Baghdad University of Baghdad, Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anes A.","family":"Al-Sharqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photonics unit Baghdad University of Baghdad, Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165-166","DOI":"10.47723\/kcmj.v18i3.932","article-title":"Lifestyle Medicine: A Promising tool to Restoring Health.","volume":"18","author":"E Hameed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Al-Kindy College Medical Journal."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168-214","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968211007212","article-title":"Products for monitoring glucose levels in the human body with noninvasive optical, noninvasive fluid sampling, or minimally invasive technologies.","volume":"16","author":"T Shang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900-1909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2013.09.007","article-title":"The self-aware diabetic patient software agent model.","volume":"43","author":"Z Wang","year":"2013 Nov 1","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3046","DOI":"10.3390\/app9153046","article-title":"An IoT-based non-invasive glucose level monitoring system using raspberry pi.","volume":"9","author":"A Alarc\u00f3n-Paredes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61-66","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0677","article-title":"Relationship between A1C and glucose levels in the general Dutch population: the new Hoorn study.","volume":"33","author":"E Van't Riet","year":"2010 Jan 1","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S111-S127","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S007","article-title":"7. Diabetes technology: standards of care in diabetes\u20142023.","volume":"46","author":"N ElSayed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80-94","DOI":"10.47419\/bjbabs.v2i02.41","article-title":"The total and free vitamin D in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Baghdad city.","volume":"2","author":"Z Subber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Baghdad Journal of Biochemistry and Applied Biological Sciences."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79-85","DOI":"10.54133\/ajms.v4i.119","article-title":"Association of Disease Duration and Duration of Olanzapine Use with Blood Sugar, Blood Pressure, BMI, and Lipid Profile among Schizophrenic Patients in Iraq.","volume":"4","author":"Z Alobaidi","year":"2023 Jun 5","journal-title":"Al-Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences."},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"187-199","article-title":"B.: Assessment of diabetes type 2 clients\u2019 self-care skills toward Blood glucose level control.","volume":"3","author":"S Oleiwi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kufa journal for nursing sciences."},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Eastern Mediterranean Region."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040800","article-title":"The progress of glucose monitoring - A review of invasive to minimally and non-invasive techniques, devices and sensors.","volume":"19","author":"W Villena Gonzales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10100404","article-title":"Plasmonic Sensing of Glucose Based on Gold\u2013Silver Core\u2013Shell Nanoparticles.","volume":"10","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosensors."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3744-3758","DOI":"10.24996\/ijs.2021.62.10.33","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of type II diabetes based on Multilayer Neural Network.","author":"E Nasser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iraqi Journal of Science."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18742-18755","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3090050","article-title":"Noninvasive Glucose Sensing in Aqueous Solutions Using an Active Split-Ring Resonator.","volume":"21","author":"M Abdolrazzaghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors Journal."},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"241","article-title":"In\u2013human testing of a non-invasive continuous low\u2013energy microwave glucose sensor with advanced machine learning capabilities.","author":"N Kazemi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121-130","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2022.2100496","article-title":"Comparative assessment of blood glucose monitoring techniques: a review.","volume":"47","author":"N Ahmadian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-10","DOI":"10.1297\/cpe.30.1","article-title":"Time in range centered diabetes care.","volume":"30","author":"K Dovc","year":"2021, January","journal-title":"The Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-13","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9628281","article-title":"Noninvasive glucose measurement using machine learning and neural network methods and correlation with heart rate variability.","volume":"2020","author":"M Gusev","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4855","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134855","article-title":"Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems Using Near-Infrared Technology-A Review.","volume":"22","author":"A Hina","year":"2022","journal-title":"MDPI, Sensors."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98-105","DOI":"10.21276\/apjhs.2022.9.1.29","article-title":"A review of non-invasive electromagnetic blood glucose monitoring techniques.","volume":"9","author":"D Sutradhar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Noninvasive acousto-optic glucose sensing system for diabetic COVID-19 patients.","volume":"16","author":"L Bachache","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"570-577","article-title":"Design and Modeling of a Glucose Optical Sensor for Diabetes Monitoring.","volume":"11","author":"S Ramachandran","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2023.104717","article-title":"Rapid and non-invasive detection of high-thickness glucose solution concentrations using quantum cascade laser-based transmission infrared spectroscopy.","volume":"131","author":"J Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159-1168","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296818763457","article-title":"Device and Method for Noninvasive Glucose Assessment.","volume":"12","author":"Y Segman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-8","DOI":"10.19080\/CTBEB.2017.06.555696","article-title":"Non-invasive glucose monitoring: a review of challenges and recent advances.","volume":"6","author":"T Lin","year":"2017 Jul 31","journal-title":"Curr. Trends Biomed. Eng. Biosci."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197-206","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2017.0142","article-title":"A prospective multicenter evaluation of the accuracy of a novel implanted continuous glucose sensor: PRECISE II.","volume":"20","author":"M Christiansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4393497","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4393497","article-title":"Assessing the performance of a noninvasive glucose monitor in people with type 2 diabetes with different demographic profiles.","volume":"2017","author":"K Bahartan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"FreeStyle Libre User\u2019s Manual.","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2730-2735","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-2073","article-title":"Comparison of the FreeStyle Libre Pro flash continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system and point-of-care capillary glucose testing in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes treated with basal-bolus insulin regimen.","volume":"43","author":"R Galindo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7-11","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEESE56169.2023.10278164","author":"S Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE 6th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and System Engineering (ICEESE)."},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"77774-77790","article-title":"QU-GM: an IoT based glucose monitoring system from photoplethysmography, blood pressure, and demographic data using machine learning.","volume":"12","author":"M Shuzan","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.17914313","author":"H Basheer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zenodo."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811-821","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-022-01229-9","article-title":"Ambulatory glucose profile (AGP) report in daily care of patients with diabetes: Practical tips and recommendations.","volume":"13","author":"L Czupryniak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Therapy."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593-1603","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0028","article-title":"Clinical targets for continuous glucose monitoring data interpretation: recommendations from the international consensus on time in range.","volume":"42","author":"T Battelino","year":"2019 Aug 1","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295-298","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51666","article-title":"The ambulatory glucose profile and its interpretation.","volume":"217","author":"R Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562-578","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681300700234","article-title":"Recommendations for standardizing glucose reporting and analysis to optimize clinical decision making in diabetes: the ambulatory glucose profile.","volume":"7","author":"R Bergenstal","year":"2013 Mar 1","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"What should my A1C goal be? by Colleen Magnani, RDN, CDCES."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275-2280","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1581","article-title":"Glucose management indicator (GMI): a new term for estimating A1C from continuous glucose monitoring.","volume":"41","author":"R Bergenstal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531-536","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ19-0502","article-title":"Evaluation of the relationship between glycated hemoglobin A1c and mean glucose levels derived from the professional continuous flash glucose monitoring system.","volume":"67","author":"M Yamada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. J."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-108\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-108\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-108\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T03:39:08Z","timestamp":1784691548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-108\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"references-count":39,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.173871.2","relation":{"has-version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/f1000research.173871.1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.197253.r481843","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.197253.r481842","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.197253.r481843","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.197253.r481842","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-108\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.197253.r481842, Mohammad Abdolrazzaghi, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, 07 May 2026, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-108\/v2#referee-response-481842","order":0,"name":"referee-response-481842","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Hanaa Basheer<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 07 May 2026<\/i>; Dear Dr. Mohammad Thank you for your comments, they were very helpful for improving our manuscript&nbsp;  Regards","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-108\/v2#referee-comment-16161","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-16161","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.197253.r481843, Israr Ahmed, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 22 Jul 2026, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-108\/v2#referee-response-481843","order":2,"name":"referee-response-481843","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}