{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T10:54:03Z","timestamp":1784199243369,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.174402.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000}}],"reference-count":26,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"No specific funding was received for this work","award":["thisarticleissubmittedthroughtheuniversityofFallujahgateway"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["thisarticleissubmittedthroughtheuniversityofFallujahgateway"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns7:p>Background Ruminal impaction is a serious digestive disorder in sheep, leading to systemic metabolic acidosis and, as a consequence, widespread physiological disturbances. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate biochemical, electrolyte and oxidative parameters in a local Iraqi sheep that was suffering from ruminal impaction. Methods A case control study was performed in 20 adult female sheep (Awassi sheep breeder) (10 ruminal impaction and 10 control) diagnosed with in Fallujah, Iraq, based on clinical signs and confirmed by laboratory findings of hyperkalaemia. The control group consisted of sheep of age, sex and weight consistent with clinically normal sheep. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected, and serum was analyzed for electrolytes, biochemical and oxidative markers using established laboratory methods. Results The impacted animals showed significant increases (P\u22640.05) in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), glucose, urea, creatinine, potassium, and phosphate and significant decreases (P\u22640.05) in albumin, cholesterol, sodium, chloride, and calcium levels, where serum level of magnesium did not show any significant difference between the groups. In addition, oxidative stress was present as there was a significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Background These findings indicate a pathogenesis cascade whereby ingestion of poorly digested food causes ruminal stasis, systemic acidosis, liver dysfunction, renal insufficiency, electrolyte disturbances, oxidative stress and oxidative stress. Using a single biomarker may underestimate the true severity of the disease, while combining biochemical, electrolyte and oxidative measurements provides a more complete picture.<\/ns7:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.174402.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T09:34:07Z","timestamp":1774949647000},"page":"110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physiological Alterations in Local Iraqi Sheep Affected by Ruminal Impaction: Insights from Biochemical, Electrolyte, and Oxidative Markers"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6639-0384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabea","family":"Khamees  Abed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Al-Fallujah Al Anbar Governorate University of Fallujah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"A. Saud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Al-Fallujah Al Anbar Governorate University of Fallujah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Emad  Abood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Al-Fallujah Al Anbar Governorate University of Fallujah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8534-726X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maysam","family":"Abdulrahman Ghazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Al-Fallujah Al Anbar Governorate University of Fallujah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.18075931","article-title":"Dataset for the ruminal impaction in sheep (2025).","author":"S Abed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zenodo."},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Clinical, hematological, and biochemical study of induced acidosis in sheep.","volume":"19","author":"M Alkabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. 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Your constructive and insightful comments have been extremely valuable in improving the clarity, methodological rigor, and overall quality of the study. We have carefully considered all of your suggestions and revised the manuscript accordingly. Detailed responses to each of your comments are provided below. Additional information regarding the animals has been added to the Materials section, including age range and physiological status. The ruminal impaction cases were naturally occurring clinical cases and were not experimentally induced. Furthermore, the control group consisted of clinically healthy animals, and their biochemical values fell within the physiological reference ranges reported for sheep. Once again, we sincerely thank the reviewer for the valuable feedback, which has greatly improved the quality and clarity of our manuscript. Sincerely&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; , Sabea Khamees Abed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-110\/v2#referee-comment-15593","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-15593","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.192297.r460234, Jinxin Liu, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 28 Feb 2026, version 1, 2 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-110\/v1#referee-response-460234","order":2,"name":"referee-response-460234","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Sabea Abed<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 06 Mar 2026<\/i>; \n<b>Dear Reviewer, Dr. Jinxin Liu<\/b> We sincerely thank you for your careful evaluation of our manuscript and for your constructive and insightful comments. Your suggestions were extremely valuable and have significantly improved the clarity, scientific rigor, and overall quality of the manuscript. All comments have been carefully considered, and the manuscript has been revised accordingly. Our detailed responses to each comment are provided below. \n<b>Comment 1: Study design and case definition require clearer characterization<\/b> Thank you for this important observation. The manuscript has been revised to provide additional information regarding the clinical characterization of the animals, including age range and physiological status. We have also clarified that ruminal impaction cases were naturally occurring. Furthermore, the diagnostic criteria have been revised to ensure that potassium levels were not used as a confirmatory diagnostic parameter, thereby avoiding potential circular reasoning. \n<b>Comment 2: Statistical approach and multiple comparisons<\/b> We appreciate this valuable suggestion. To strengthen the statistical rigor of the study, the statistical analysis section has been revised. Normality of the data was assessed using the Shapiro\u2013Wilk test, and differences between groups were analyzed using an independent samples t-test. Additionally, to control for potential type I error due to multiple comparisons, the false discovery rate (FDR) was adjusted using the Benjamini\u2013Hochberg procedure. The statistical analysis section has been updated accordingly, and the tables were revised to remove LSD values and report appropriate p-values. \n<b>Comment 3: Interpretation of causality and mechanistic claims<\/b> We thank the reviewer for this insightful comment. The discussion has been carefully revised to avoid causal interpretations. The mechanistic explanations are now presented as hypotheses supported by previous literature rather than direct conclusions derived from the current data. \n<b>Minor Comment 1: Pooling of blood samples<\/b>  We apologize for the lack of clarity. The manuscript has been revised to clarify that blood samples were collected and processed individually for each animal. No pooling occurred across animals, and each sample was analyzed separately. \n<b>Minor Comment 2: Reference to metabolic acidosis<\/b> We appreciate this comment. The discussion has been revised to clarify that metabolic acidosis was inferred based on previously reported pathophysiological mechanisms associated with ruminal disorders, rather than being directly measured in this study. This limitation has now been explicitly acknowledged in the revised manuscript. \n<b>Minor Comment 3: Phosphate units<\/b> The units for phosphate have been carefully reviewed and corrected in the revised tables. Once again, we sincerely thank the reviewer for the valuable feedback, which has greatly improved the quality and clarity of our manuscript.  Sincerely&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; , Sabea Khamees Abed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-110\/v2#referee-comment-15594","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-15594","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.197497.r472403, Masar Jabbar Al-kurdy, AL-Furat AL- Awsat Technical University, Najaf, 21 Apr 2026, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-110\/v2#referee-response-472403","order":4,"name":"referee-response-472403","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":5,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}