{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:32:22Z","timestamp":1777984342384,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009392","name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PSAU\/2025\/03\/33960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2025\/03\/33960"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns7:p>\n                    Objective To evaluate the association between\n                    <ns7:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/ns7:italic>\n                    and c-Myc expression in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs) and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) and to explore its potential role in oral carcinogenesis. Materials and Methods A total of 32 histopathologically confirmed cases (18 OPMDs and 14 OSCC) were analyzed. Anaerobic cultures and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to detect\n                    <ns7:italic>F. nucleatum.<\/ns7:italic>\n                    Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to assess c-Myc expression. Statistical analysis was conducted using Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests, with p &lt; 0.05 considered significant. Results\n                    <ns7:italic>F. nucleatum<\/ns7:italic>\n                    was detected in eight OSCC and two OPMD cases, with higher colony counts in OSCC. All samples were positive for c-Myc, but their expression levels varied. In OPMDs, positivity was mainly observed in the basal and suprabasal epithelial layers, whereas OSCC showed both peripheral and central tumor cell localization.\n                    <ns7:italic>F. nucleatum<\/ns7:italic>\n                    \u2013positive OSCC cases demonstrated strong nuclear c-Myc staining (50\u201375% positive cells). Tobacco habits, particularly combined smoking and smokeless use, were more common in\n                    <ns7:italic>F. nucleatum<\/ns7:italic>\n                    \u2013positive OSCC cases. Conclusion\n                    <ns7:italic>F. nucleatum<\/ns7:italic>\n                    colonization correlates with increased c-Myc expression in OPMDs and OSCC, supporting its possible role in microbially driven oral carcinogenesis. These findings suggest its potential as a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target.\n                  <\/ns7:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.177011.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T07:24:06Z","timestamp":1770103446000},"page":"176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of Fusobacterium nucleatum Driven Modulation of c-Myc Pathways in Oral Carcinogenesis"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5776-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charu","family":"Priya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anshi","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Devi Charan","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8342-0323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atrey J.","family":"Pai Khot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shefali","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahima","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Gulati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3369-9925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sultan A.","family":"Almalki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3920-8082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inderjit M.","family":"Gowdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31-46","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059","article-title":"Hallmarks of Cancer: New Dimensions.","volume":"12","author":"D Hanahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633-642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2021.11.002","article-title":"The oral microbiota and its role in carcinogenesis.","volume":"86","author":"M Stasiewicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14943","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94384-1","article-title":"Conversion from epithelial to partial-EMT phenotype by Fusobacterium nucleatum infection promotes invasion of oral cancer cells.","volume":"11","author":"W Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010020","article-title":"Role of Oral Microbiota in Cancer Development.","volume":"7","author":"T Karpi\u0144ski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6207","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176207","article-title":"Involvement of Fusobacterium Species in Oral Cancer Progression: A Literature Review Including Other Types of Cancer.","volume":"21","author":"N Fujiwara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156-166","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0129-6","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum - symbiont, opportunist and oncobacterium.","volume":"17","author":"C Brennan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08903-4","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum and oral cancer: a critical review.","volume":"21","author":"E McIlvanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Cancer."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688-692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2011.05.016","article-title":"What real influence does the proto-oncogene c-Myc have in OSCC behaviour?","volume":"47","author":"M P\u00e9rez-Say\u00e1ns","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5546-5553","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-0977","article-title":"c-Myc and cancer metabolism.","volume":"18","author":"D Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892-897","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605544","article-title":"Bmi-1 expression predicts prognosis in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue.","volume":"102","author":"V H\u00e4yry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5163-5169","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S201943","article-title":"c-MYC expression in T (III\/IV) stage oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients.","volume":"11","author":"S Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252-259","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_150_17","article-title":"Epigenetics in oral squamous cell carcinoma.","volume":"21","author":"K Hema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology: JOMFP."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5600","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15235600","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Microenvironment: A Comprehensive Review.","volume":"15","author":"H Mesgari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145-160","DOI":"10.1007\/s40496-019-0215-5","article-title":"The Microbiome of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Functional Perspective.","volume":"6","author":"N Al-Hebshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Oral Health Rep."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sintl.2020.100046","article-title":"Oral cancer diagnosis and perspectives in India.","volume":"1","author":"V Borse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens Int."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S398-S401","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_751_20","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors for Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders in Indian Population.","volume":"13","author":"A Singh","year":"2021 Jun","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31-34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2015.11.002","article-title":"Clinico-epidemiological study of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A tertiary care centre study in North India.","volume":"6","author":"M Singh","year":"2016 Jan-Apr","journal-title":"J Oral Biol Craniofac Res."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114-118","DOI":"10.4103\/srmjrds.srmjrds_21_18","article-title":"Demographic and clinicopathological profile of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients of North India: A retrospective institutional study.","volume":"9","author":"A Tandon","year":"2018 Sep","journal-title":"SRM J Research in Dental Studies."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1990.tb00773.x","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of c-Myc oncogene product and EGF receptor in oral squamous cell carcinoma.","volume":"19","author":"H Sakai","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of oral pathology & medicine: official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106-114","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12303","article-title":"Evaluation of MYC status in oral lichen planus in patients with progression to oral squamous cell carcinoma.","volume":"169","author":"S Segura","year":"2013 Jul","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688-692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2011.05.016","article-title":"What real influence does the proto-oncogene c-myc have in OSCC behavior?","volume":"47","author":"M P\u00e9rez-Say\u00e1ns","year":"2011 Aug","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907-913","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0909-8836.1998.eos106502.x","article-title":"Co-overexpression of p53 and c-Myc proteins linked with advanced stages of betel- and tobacco-related oral squamous cell carcinomas from eastern India.","volume":"106","author":"R Baral","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"2957-2962","article-title":"The co-expression of c-myc and p53 increases and reaches a plateau early in oral oncogenesis.","volume":"26","author":"V Papakosta","year":"2006 Jul-Aug","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759-763","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2009.00781.x","article-title":"MYC gene amplification reveals clinical association with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in Indian patients.","volume":"38","author":"N Bhattacharya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of oral pathology & medicine: official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325-331","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_197_18","article-title":"Bcl-2 and c-Myc expression in oral dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study to assess tumor progression.","volume":"22","author":"N Pallavi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology: JOMFP."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131-135","DOI":"10.1016\/0964-1955(93)90035-d","article-title":"c-Myc oncoprotein expression in oral precancerous and early cancerous lesions. European journal of cancer. Part B.","volume":"29B","author":"L Eversole","year":"1993","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-11","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.1.1","article-title":"c-Myc target genes involved in cell growth, apoptosis, and metabolism.","volume":"19","author":"C Dang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304-308","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-8375(98)80012-2","article-title":"The microflora associated with human oral carcinomas.","volume":"34","author":"K Nagy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02079-3","article-title":"Inflammatory bacteriome featuring Fusobacterium nucleatum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa identified in association with oral squamous cell carcinoma.","volume":"7","author":"N Al-Hebshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11779-9","article-title":"Variations in oral microbiota associated with oral cancer.","volume":"7","author":"H Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00476","article-title":"The Oral Microbiota May Have Influence on Oral Cancer.","volume":"9","author":"L Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02391","article-title":"The Microbiome of Potentially Malignant Oral Leukoplakia Exhibits Enrichment for Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Campylobacter, and Rothia Species.","volume":"8","author":"A Amer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081549","article-title":"The Role of the Oral Microbiota in the Etiopathogenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.","volume":"9","author":"T Vyhnalova","year":"2021 Jul 21","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235-242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2019.05.014","article-title":"c-Myc Overexpression Promotes Oral Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration by Enhancing Glutaminase and Glutamine Synthetase Activity.","volume":"358","author":"T Wang","year":"2019 Sep","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435-2446","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.37","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and the oral microbiome in a large study of American adults.","volume":"10","author":"J Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883-893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.01.146","article-title":"Human oral microbiota and its modulation for oral health.","volume":"99","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018 Mar","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13174439","article-title":"Leukoplakia in the Oral Cavity and Oral Microbiota: A Comprehensive Review.","volume":"13","author":"G Pietrobon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)."},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Analysis of Fusobacterium nucleatum Driven Modulation of c-Myc Pathways in Oral Carcinogenesis.","author":"C Priya","year":"2025 cited 2026 Jan 11","journal-title":"figshare."},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Supplementary Figure S1.","author":"C Priya","year":"2026 cited 2026 Jan 18","journal-title":"figshare."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-176\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-176\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-176\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T08:19:09Z","timestamp":1772093949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-176\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"references-count":39,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.177011.1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.195151.r455456","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.195151.r455449","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.195151.r455452","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.195151.r455456","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.195151.r455452","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.195151.r455451","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.195151.r455449","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-176\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.195151.r455449, Mahesh Shenoy, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Riyadh Province, 18 Feb 2026, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-176\/v1#referee-response-455449","order":0,"name":"referee-response-455449","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.195151.r455452, Durgesh Bangalore, King Saud University, Riyadh, Riyadh Province, 23 Feb 2026, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-176\/v1#referee-response-455452","order":1,"name":"referee-response-455452","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.195151.r455456, Deepak Gowda Sadashivappa Pateel, Mahsa University, Selangor, 26 Feb 2026, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-176\/v1#referee-response-455456","order":2,"name":"referee-response-455456","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The authors extend their appreciation to Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University for funding this research work through project number (PSAU\/ 2025\/03\/33960). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}