{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:20:53Z","timestamp":1787653253093,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.177997.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000}}],"reference-count":8,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns5:p>Abstract Background Iraq heavily depends on oil revenues, which expose it to global oil price fluctuations as well as structural crises. Therefore, in the 2004\u20132023 crisis period, Iraq experienced economic shocks that followed the change in global prices and internal disturbances that undermined the stability and an enabling environment for growth. The government spending in the last five years has increased; however, its contribution to economic growth has been limited due to poor targeting on productive investment-driven expenditure and high reliance on current spending in the budget. Methods This study adopts a quantitative methodology using time series data for the period 2004\u20132023 in Iraq. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used, which is employed to analyse the short- and long-term correlation between economic variables. Results Finally, the econometric tests findings indicate a long-term cointegration correlation between government spending components, oil prices, and the inflation rate, and economic growth. There was a direct correlation between investment spending, education spending, and oil barrel price and economic growth, and an inverse correlation between current spending, health spending, and the inflation rate and economic growth. Conclusions While the impact of the current spending factor is of low intensity, investment spending is an active factor in stimulating economic growth in Iraq. Therefore, it is important to reorient the fiscal regime to support investment fields with production tendency and introduction of reform policies that promote economic elasticity and weak dependence on oil money.<\/ns5:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.177997.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T09:29:07Z","timestamp":1787304547000},"page":"1112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of the Impact of Disaggregates Government Expenditure on Economic Growth in Iraq"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6694-3100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Qasim Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Administration and Economics Al-Fallujah Al Anbar Governorate University of Fallujah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1812-5444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhannad","family":"Khamis Abd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Administration and Economics Al-Fallujah Al Anbar Governorate University of Fallujah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.19666496","author":"M Abd","year":"2026","journal-title":"Zenodo."},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Measuring and Analyzing the Impact of Economic Growth and Poverty on Income Distribution Inequality in the Iraqi Economy for the Period (1996\u20132019).","author":"M Abd","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"The Correlation between Government Spending and Inflation in Iraq for the Period (2004-2017).","volume":"15","author":"M Abd","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tikrit Journal of Administrative and Economic Sciences."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173-182","DOI":"10.32479\/ijefi.18001","article-title":"The Impact of Public Government Spending on Public Debt in the Iraqi Economy.","volume":"15","author":"S Alhamdany","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues."},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"The Impact of Government Spending on Economic Growth in Libya (The Correlation between Public Spending and Economic Growth in Islamic Economics and Traditional Economics).","author":"M Majeed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Al-Jabal Academy Journal of Social and Human Sciences."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407-437","DOI":"10.2307\/2118477","article-title":"A contribution to the empirics of economic growth.","volume":"107","author":"N Mankiw","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics."},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"The Impact of Money Supply on Gross Domestic Product in Iraq for the Period 2005\u20132020.","volume":"18","author":"M Dahham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tikrit Journal of Administrative and Economic Sciences."},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"The impact of government capital expenditure on economic growth (Master\u2019s thesis, Utrecht University). Utrecht University Student Theses.","author":"M Wulandari","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1112\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1112\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1112\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T09:39:07Z","timestamp":1787650747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1112\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":8,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.177997.2","relation":{"has-version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/f1000research.177997.1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.207946.r513336","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.207946.r513336","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1112\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.196328.r500470, Junior Semuel Lakat, Universitas Klabat, Manado, 15 Jul 2026, version 1, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1112\/v1#referee-response-500470","order":0,"name":"referee-response-500470","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u062f<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 03 Aug 2026<\/i>; ((First Reviewer's Observations)) 1. The observation regarding the time period in the research was addressed; the error was typographical.  2. The reviewer's second observation, which points to anomalies in the health sector, requires further qualitative explanation regarding why this occurred in Iraq. The researcher has already addressed this within the research in the following paragraph: Increases in health spending in Iraq have often been a response to crises (wars, terrorism, epidemics) rather than productive investment. A significant portion of this spending is allocated to treatment abroad and imported medicines instead of building an effective local health system. Therefore, this spending has a negative impact on growth because it does not translate into real productivity. This is documented within the research.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1112\/v2#referee-comment-16836","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-16836","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.207946.r513336, Ibrahim Iliyasu, Umaru Musa Yar\u2019adua University Katsina State, Katsina State, 25 Aug 2026, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1112\/v2#referee-response-513336","order":2,"name":"referee-response-513336","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}