{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:09:29Z","timestamp":1772168969618,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17807.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560729600000}}],"reference-count":35,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560729600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    HIV prevalence varies between 0% and 1.6% in India's states. The factors underpinning this variation are poorly defined.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    We evaluated the relationship between HIV prevalence by state and a range of risk factors in the Indian 2015 National Family Health Survey. Pearson\u2019s correlation was used to assess the relationship between HIV prevalence and each variable. The prevalence of each risk factor was compared between five high-HIV-prevalence states (&gt;1% prevalence) and a large low-HIV-prevalence state (Uttar Pradesh; HIV prevalence, 0.06%).\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    There was an association between HIV prevalence and men's mean lifetime number of partners (r = 0.55; P = 0.001) and men reporting sex with a non-married, non-cohabiting partner (r = 0.40; P = 0.014). In general, men in high-prevalence states were less likely to be circumcised and (with the exception of Chandigarh) use condoms at last sex. In two high prevalence states (Mizoram and Nagaland), men reported a higher number of lifetime partners and a higher prevalence of multiple partners and high-risk sex in the past year.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Variation in circumcision prevalence and sexual behavior may contribute to the large variations in HIV prevalence by state in India.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17807.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T08:30:08Z","timestamp":1560760208000},"page":"60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["HIV prevalence correlated with circumcision prevalence and high-risk sexual behavior in India's states: an ecological study"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2557-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris R.","family":"Kenyon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S15-30","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200108004-00003","article-title":"Ecological and individual level analysis of risk factors for HIV infection in four urban populations in sub-Saharan Africa with different levels of HIV infection.","volume":"15","author":"B Auvert","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13-35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14663-3_2","article-title":"Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Infections.","author":"A 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.21562.r49983, Pauline E. Jolly, Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA, 04 Jul 2019, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-60\/v2#referee-response-49983","order":0,"name":"referee-response-49983","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.19468.r48166, John McBride, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia, 10 Jun 2019, version 1, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-60\/v1#referee-response-48166","order":1,"name":"referee-response-48166","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Chris Kenyon<\/b>; <i>Posted: 12 Jun 2019<\/i>; The wording as to the ethical approval process has been amended as suggested. The following text has been added to the methods section to assist the reader with understanding the difference in size between Union Territories and States:The states are typically large and vary in surface area from Rajastan\u2019s 342,239km <sup>2<\/sup> to Goa\u2019s 3,702km <sup>2<\/sup> (median 88,752km <sup>2<\/sup>). The Union Territories are far smaller (median size 491km <sup>2<\/sup>) and for this reason are indicated with circles on the map&nbsp;in Figure 1.As a result DN is indicated with a circle with no surrounding coloured area.The code for \u2018LD\u2019 is Lakshadweep and has been added. The&nbsp;double&nbsp;labelling for&nbsp;DD&nbsp;and&nbsp;PY has been rectified. This is a fair comment. To present a more balanced discussion of the role of circumcision, the discussion has been limited to the following:The most consistent association we found was lower circumcision prevalence rates in the high HIV prevalence states. Circumcision rates were, however, as low or lower in a number of low HIV prevalence states as in the high HIV prevalence states.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-60\/v2#referee-comment-4695","order":2,"name":"referee-comment-4695","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}