{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:50:43Z","timestamp":1791895843775,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.178561.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000}}],"reference-count":26,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"no funding"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background Professional boundaries in psychotherapy are structural safeguards within a fiduciary, power-imbalanced relationship. In Saudi Arabia, boundary dilemmas arise in a Sharia-informed moral environment and a regulated healthcare system, commonly involving mixed-gender privacy sensitivities, gifts and culturally normative hospitality, dual relationships in close-knit communities, conflicts of interest, and technology-mediated challenges (e.g., messaging platforms and tele-mental health). Methods This study uses a secondary-data integrative design combining (i) doctrinal analysis of publicly available Saudi regulatory and professional materials relevant to professional conduct and accountability (healthcare practice governance, professional ethics standards, anti-harassment protections, and personal data governance), (ii) normative Sharia reasoning grounded in established ethical concepts and juristic method (am\u0101nah\/trust, dignity protection, harm prevention, and avoidance of risk-pathways), and (iii) synthesis of peerreviewed clinical ethics literature on boundary crossings versus violations, patient harm, and risk management (consultation, supervision, documentation, and institutional policy). No participant recruitment, surveys, interviews, vignettes, or clinical record data were used. Results The analysis shows convergence across Sharia ethics, Saudi regulatory governance, and clinical ethics scholarship on a coherent model: boundaries should function as the default protective structure, while limited boundary crossings may be defensible only when clinically justified, proportionate, transparent, and documented. The paper operationalizes this model through a Saudi-tailored Code of Conduct, decision rules for recurring dilemmas (mixedgender safeguards, gifts\/hospitality, dual relationships and conflicts of interest, exploitation of dependency, and digital contact), and governance recommendations for training, supervision pathways, documentation templates, safe reporting, and secure communication policies aligned with data protection expectations. Conclusions An integrated Sharia\u2013Saudi legal\u2013clinical boundary framework strengthens patient dignity, reduces exploitation risk, supports defensible clinical decision-making, and promotes public trust in mental health services in Saudi Arabia during rapid digital transformation.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.178561.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T05:19:07Z","timestamp":1780291147000},"page":"461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Professional Boundaries and Ethical Obligations in Saudi Arabia An Integrated Sharia, Legal and Clinical Psychology Framework"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9917-9400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hajed A.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sharia, College of Sharia and Law Al Majmaah 11952 Majmaah University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8405-7595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motaz T.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences Riyadh Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.60363","article-title":"Barriers to seeking mental health help in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review.","volume":"16","author":"N Alhumaidan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Riyad as-Salihin (Hadith 209, Introduction).","author":"Y Al-Nawawi","year":"n.d","journal-title":"Sunnah.com."},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"471-494","article-title":"Identifying Islamic objectives\u2019 frameworks for ecology system in Saudi Arabia.","volume":"65","author":"H Alotaibi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Islam. 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The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}