{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:54:10Z","timestamp":1791896050950,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001695","name":"JST CREST","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJCR1786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJCR1786"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001695","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"JST AIP Acceleration Research","award":["JPMJCR23U4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJCR23U4"]}]},{"name":"JST CREST","award":["JPMJCR20F3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJCR20F3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Abstract* Background In cervical cancer screening, cytotechnologists and cytopathologists integrate three-dimensional information by continuously adjusting the microscope\u2019s focus to evaluate chromatin structure and nuclear morphology. However, most existing public datasets consist of single-focus 2D images, which do not fully reflect this clinical diagnostic workflow. This study presents the Cervical Cancer Cell Image Database: Multi-focus Cytology Dataset (CCCID) to bridge this gap. Methods Cervical specimens were processed using the BD SurePath\u2122 LBC technique and Papanicolaou staining. Digitization was performed using a NanoZoomer-XR scanner. For 639 unique fields of view (FOVs), a Z-stack consisting of 11 focal planes was captured at 1.0\u00a0\u03bcm intervals, resulting in 7,029 images (384\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0384 pixels). Ground-truth labels were established only when six board-certified expert cytotechnologists reached 100% consensus. Conclusions The CCCID provides a high-reliability benchmark for developing machine-learning models that utilize axial (Z-axis) information. It is highly valuable for advancing three-dimensional nuclear morphology analysis, cell segmentation in overlapping clusters, and the evaluation of focus-fusion algorithms in digital cytopathology.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.179164.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T08:49:08Z","timestamp":1775810948000},"page":"502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dataset of multi-focus (Z-stack) images derived from liquid-based cervical cancer cytology specimens"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2494-1265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takafumi","family":"Onishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto Tachibana University"},{"name":"Research Center for Life and Health Sciences Kyoto Kyoto KyotoTachibana University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Life Sciences, School of Medical Life Sciences Nobeoka Miyazaki Kyushu University of Medical Science"},{"name":"Cancer Cell Institute Nobeoka Miyazaki Kyushu University of Medical Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukihiko","family":"Osawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto Tachibana University"},{"name":"Research Center for Life and Health Sciences Kyoto Kyoto KyotoTachibana University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7060-5857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuki","family":"Shibahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Life Sciences, School of Medical Life Sciences Nobeoka Miyazaki Kyushu University of Medical Science"},{"name":"Cancer Cell Institute Nobeoka Miyazaki Kyushu University of Medical Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Nishimori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Life Sciences, School of Medical Life Sciences Nobeoka Miyazaki Kyushu University of Medical Science"},{"name":"Cancer Cell Institute Nobeoka Miyazaki Kyushu University of Medical Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1674-1359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiromasa","family":"Yakushiji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Life Sciences, School of Medical Life Sciences Nobeoka Miyazaki Kyushu University of Medical Science"},{"name":"Cancer Cell Institute Nobeoka Miyazaki Kyushu University of Medical Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Setsuyo","family":"Ohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Life and Health Sciences Kyoto Kyoto KyotoTachibana University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Ohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Life and Health Sciences Kyoto Kyoto KyotoTachibana University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12070769","article-title":"AI in cervical cancer cytology diagnostics: A narrative review of cutting-edge studies.","volume":"12","author":"D Giansanti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioengineering (Basel)."},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1-9","article-title":"Pap-smear benchmark data for pattern classification, Nature Inspired Smart Information Systems (NiSIS 2005).","author":"J Jantzen","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1811.09651","article-title":"A new cervical cytology dataset for nucleus detection and image classification (Cervix93) and methods for cervical nucleus detection.","author":"H Phoulady","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3144-3148","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2018.8451588","author":"M Plissiti","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018 25th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-021-00933-8","article-title":"Cric searchable image database as a public platform for conventional Pap smear cytology data.","volume":"8","author":"M Rezende","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-4","DOI":"10.15069\/0002000161","article-title":"Evaluating the efficacy of multi-focus images in digital cytopathology.","volume":"9","author":"T Miyamoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of health and welfare investigation."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.18904734","author":"E Ohno","year":"2026","journal-title":"Zenodo."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-502\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-502\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-502\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:34:44Z","timestamp":1791894884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-502\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":7,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.179164.1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.197645.r503339","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.197645.r489794","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.197645.r489794","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.197645.r503339","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-502\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.197645.r489794, Vedrana Ivezic, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 25 Jun 2026, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-502\/v1#referee-response-489794","order":0,"name":"referee-response-489794","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.197645.r503339, Nisreen Albzour, Binghamton University, Binghamton, 08 Aug 2026, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-502\/v1#referee-response-503339","order":1,"name":"referee-response-503339","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported by JST CREST Grant Number JPMJCR1786, JST CREST Grant Number JPMJCR20F3, and JST AIP Acceleration Research Grant Number JPMJCR23U4. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}