{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T13:16:03Z","timestamp":1774444563267,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17983.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595808000000}}],"reference-count":34,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595808000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>ABSTRACT<\/ns4:bold>\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Human Immunodeficiency Virus, syphilis and Hepatitis B Virus are major global public health problems, they are sexually transmitted infections with overlapping modes of transmission and affected populations.\u00a0\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Objective:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    The aim of this study is to assess the seroprevalence of HIV 1, hepatitis B virus and syphilis coinfections among newly diagnosed HIV individuals aged 16 to 65 years, initiating on antiretroviral therapy, in Mkushi, Zambia.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    A total number of 126 sera were collected from HIV 1 infected patients attending Mkushi district hospital\/ART clinic for antiretroviral therapy initiation. Hepatitis B surface antigen test and serologic test for syphilis were conducted between March and May 2018.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Of the 126 participants (out of 131 enrollments), Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected with a prevalence of 9.5% among newly diagnosed HIV infected patients, while that of syphilis was as high as 40.5% in this same population group. Three patients recorded HIV coinfections with both syphilis and hepatitis B virus (2.4%) at the same time. After analysis, the results indicate that there was no significant association between gender for both dependent variables: HIV\/syphilis or HIV\/hepatitis B virus coinfections (alpha significance level &gt; 0.05). Those who had a history of syphilis infection in the past were more likely than those who had none to be HIV-syphilis coinfected (53.6% vs 34%, respectively; odd ratio [OR] 2.236; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.045 \u2013 4.782).\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusion:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    The high prevalence rates for HIV, HBV, and syphilis coinfections strongly indicate the need for HBV and syphilis screening for HIV infected individuals. Furthermore, the high number of patients previously treated for syphilis who retest positive for syphilis in this study calls for use of the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test to identify true syphilis infection (titers \u2265 1:8 dilutions, strongly suggestive).\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17983.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T10:30:10Z","timestamp":1595845810000},"page":"562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B coinfections in Mkushi, Zambia: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8109-1669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cibangu","family":"Katamba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Chungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chisali","family":"Lusale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302-314","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000370","article-title":"Diagnosis of viral hepatitis.","volume":"12","author":"P Easterbrook","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2625-0","article-title":"Syphilis and HIV prevalence and associated factors to their co-infection, hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses prevalence among female sex workers in Rwanda.","volume":"17","author":"M Mutagoma","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S138-45","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22883","article-title":"Hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection.","volume":"49","author":"C Thio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/176459","article-title":"The Role of Sexually Transmitted Infections in HIV-1 Progression: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature.","volume":"2013","author":"H Chun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sex Transm Dis."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361-362","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2016.09.522","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections: old foes on the rise.","volume":"3","author":"D Carmona-Gutierrez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb Cell."},{"key":"ref-6","article-title":"Global health sector response to HIV 2000\u20132015: focus on innovations in Africa: progress report","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S427-S434","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000483","article-title":"Updates to the spectrum model to estimate key HIV indicators for adults and children.","volume":"28 Suppl 4","author":"J Stover","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546-1555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61412-X","article-title":"Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013.","volume":"386","author":"A Schweitzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-9","article-title":"Draft global health sector strategies: Sexually transmitted infections, 2016\u20132021","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref-10","article-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1024-e1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.06.013","article-title":"Hepatitis B\/C and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: an association between highly prevalent infectious diseases. 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