{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:50:35Z","timestamp":1792788635648,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.180247.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000}}],"reference-count":26,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University","award":["(grantnumberIMSIU-DDRSP2601)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(grantnumberIMSIU-DDRSP2601)."]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05gxjyb39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    Background Large religious gatherings such as Hajj involve complex psychological and social processes that influence pilgrims\u2019 experiences and crowd behavior. This study examined risk perception, psychosocial factors, and adaptive crowd behavior among pilgrims, explored the relationships among these variables, and evaluated their predictive contribution to crowd behavior. Methods A descriptive, correlational, and predictive cross-sectional design was employed. A purposive sample of 407 pilgrims completed validated measures of risk perception, psychosocial factors, and crowd behavior. Descriptive statistics, univariate between-subjects analyses, Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analyses were performed. Results Pilgrims demonstrated moderate-to-high levels of risk perception and adaptive crowd behavior, together with balanced psychosocial characteristics. Nationality was significantly associated with risk perception, psychosocial factors, and crowd behavior (all p &lt; 0.001), whereas economic level was associated only with psychosocial factors (p = 0.041). No significant differences were observed according to age or educational level. Positive correlations were found among the principal study variables. The regression model was statistically significant (R\n                    <ns3:sup>2<\/ns3:sup>\n                    = 0.181, p &lt; 0.001). Psychosocial factors significantly predicted adaptive crowd behavior (\u03b2 = 0.391, p &lt; 0.001), whereas risk perception was not a significant independent predictor after psychosocial factors were entered into the model (\u03b2 = 0.049, p = 0.413). Conclusion Risk perception was associated with adaptive crowd behavior at the bivariate level, whereas psychosocial factors emerged as the significant independent predictor in the regression model. Strengthening institutional trust, personal readiness, learning, and spiritually relevant communication may support safer and more cooperative crowd behavior during Hajj. Integrating psychosocial considerations into crowd-management and risk-communication strategies may enhance safety and well-being during major religious gatherings.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.180247.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:54:06Z","timestamp":1784699646000},"page":"828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prediction of Crowd Behavior in Holy Sites: Psychological, Social, and Risk Perception Factors among Pilgrims\u202f"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8405-7595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motaz","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Social Science Riyadh Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0579-3949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahya","family":"Khatatbeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Social Science Riyadh Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416-435","DOI":"10.31436\/jia.v16i3.873","article-title":"Identifying the psychosocial aspects of crowd during pilgrimage: The experiences of a group of Pakistani female Hajj pilgrims [Mengenalpasti Aspek Psikososial Orang ramai Yang Bersesak Semasa Haji: Pengalaman Kumpulan Jama\u2019ah Haji Wanita Pakistan].","volume":"16","author":"S Abd Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Islam in Asia."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58559-58575","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3555154","article-title":"Towards an integrated intelligent framework for crowd control and management (IICCM).","volume":"13","author":"T Alafif","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Surveying challenges for enhancing precision in hajj crowd simulation.","author":"N Alhawsawi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yasein, Mohamed, surveying challenges for enhancing precision in hajj crowd simulation."},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1-6","article-title":"Investigating health risk perceptions during the Hajj: Pre-travel advice and adherence to preventative health measures.","volume":"16","author":"M Almehmadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"African Journal of Respiratory Medicine."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9091-9096","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1404953111","article-title":"Social identification moderates the effect of crowd density on safety at the Hajj.","volume":"111","author":"H Alnabulsi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 20170240","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0240","article-title":"Predicting collective behaviour at the Hajj: Place, space and the process of cooperation.","volume":"373","author":"H Alnabulsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 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version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-828\/v2#referee-response-503725","order":2,"name":"referee-response-503725","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.204949.r504855, Sara Vestergren, University of Reading, Reading, England, 22 Sep 2026, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-828\/v2#referee-response-504855","order":3,"name":"referee-response-504855","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) (grant number IMSIU-DDRSP2601).\u200b. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}