{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:46:08Z","timestamp":1792788368861,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.181753.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.181753.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.181753.3","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000}}],"reference-count":28,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m2fqn25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    Background Depression and suicidal ideation are common among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW). Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has become an important component of HIV prevention, but its relationship with mental health remains incompletely understood. This study compared depression and suicidal ideation\/risk between PrEP users and non-users among MSM and TGW attending HIV prevention services, and identified factors associated with depression. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 MSM and TGW (75 PrEP users and 75 non-users) recruited from two HIV prevention clinics in Chiang Mai, Thailand Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and suicidal ideation\/risk was assessed using the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). Group differences were compared using \u03c7\n                    <ns4:sup>2<\/ns4:sup>\n                    tests, Fisher\u2019s exact test, or independent-samples\n                    <ns4:italic>t<\/ns4:italic>\n                    -tests as appropriate. Multivariable linear regression was performed to identify factors associated with depression. Results PrEP users had significantly lower mean depression scores than non-users (3.80\u00b13.46 vs. 5.96\u00b13.76; mean difference 2.16, 95% CI: 0.99\u20133.33;\n                    <ns4:italic>p<\/ns4:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001). Suicidal ideation\/risk was reported by 5 (6.7%) PrEP users and three (4.0%) non-users, with no significant difference between groups (Fisher\u2019s exact test,\n                    <ns4:italic>p<\/ns4:italic>\n                    = 0.719). In the adjusted linear regression model, PrEP use was independently associated with lower depression scores (B = \u22121.77, 95% CI: \u22123.07 to \u22120.47;\n                    <ns4:italic>p<\/ns4:italic>\n                    = 0.008), whereas experience of discrimination was independently associated with higher depression scores (B = \u22121.32, 95% CI: \u22122.59 to \u22120.06;\n                    <ns4:italic>p<\/ns4:italic>\n                    = 0.040). Conclusions Among MSM and TGW attending HIV prevention services in Chiang Mai, PrEP use was independently associated with lower depression scores, whereas suicidal ideation\/risk did not differ significantly between PrEP users and non-users. Experience of discrimination was associated with higher depression scores. Although causal inferences cannot be made, the findings highlight the importance of considering mental health alongside HIV prevention services for key populations.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.181753.4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T08:10:56Z","timestamp":1789459856000},"page":"772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Depression and Suicidal Ideation Among Men who have sex with men and Transgender Women in Chiang Mai, Thailand"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kyaw Sein","family":"Lynn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences Chiang Mai Chiang Mai 50200 Chiang Mai University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0246-8187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Aurpibul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences Chiangmai CHIANG MAI 50200 Chiang Mai University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuntisa","family":"Chotirosniramit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences Chiangmai CHIANG MAI 50200 Chiang Mai University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natthapol","family":"Kosashunhanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences Chiangmai CHIANG MAI 50200 Chiang Mai University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kriengkrai","family":"Srithanaviboonchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences Chiangmai CHIANG MAI 50200 Chiang Mai University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5878-9620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Awirut","family":"Oon-arom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Chiang Mai Chiang Mai 50200 Chiang Mai University Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esxm.2022.100533","article-title":"quality of life, self-esteem, and depression among thai transgender women before and after male-to-female gender confirmation surgery: A prospective cohort observational study.","volume":"10","author":"T Chaovanalikit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex Med."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019553","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1019553","article-title":"PrEP stigma among current and non-current PrEP users in Thailand: A comparison between hospital and key population-led health service settings.","volume":"10","author":"S Chautrakarn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}