{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:52:27Z","timestamp":1791186747845,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.181828.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.181828.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.181828.3","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000}}],"reference-count":37,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004351","name":"Sultan Qaboos University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004351","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background Hikikomori, a form of prolonged social withdrawal, has been widely studied in East Asia but remains underexplored in the Middle East. Cultural and social factors may influence its cognitive profile, necessitating localized research. Aim To compare cognitive performance between Hikikomori cases and non-cases in Oman using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), focusing on executive function, memory recall, and processing speed. Methods A case-control study was conducted in 2024 with 150 participants (54 Hikikomori cases, 96 controls) recruited from a tertiary hospital in Oman. Hikikomori cases were classified using a broad HiDE-I definition, which included pathological, at-risk, and resemblance Hikikomori categories. CANTAB was used to assess key cognitive domains. Independent t-tests and linear regression analyses were performed to compare outcomes. Results Hikikomori cases showed significant impairments in visual processing accuracy (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), response latency (p\u00a0=\u00a00.004), immediate recall (p\u00a0=\u00a00.031), delayed recall (p\u00a0=\u00a00.009), and planning efficiency (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) compared to non-cases. Adjusted regression analyses\u2014controlling for age, gender, education, income, employment, marital status, and governorate\u2014confirmed that Hikikomori status was significantly associated with lower visual processing accuracy (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.453, p\u00a0=\u00a00.001), slower response latency (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.266, p\u00a0=\u00a00.001), poorer immediate (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.201, p\u00a0=\u00a00.019) and delayed recall (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.255, p\u00a0=\u00a00.003), and reduced planning efficiency (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.453, p\u00a0=\u00a00.001). No significant differences were found for spatial working memory tasks. Conclusion Hikikomori individuals in Oman exhibit significant deficits in executive function, memory recall, processing speed, and visual attention, even after adjusting for socio-demographic factors. These findings underscore the importance of early neurocognitive screening and tailored interventions. This is one of the first studies to explore Hikikomori\u2019s cognitive profile in the Middle East.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.181828.4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:39:10Z","timestamp":1790055550000},"page":"874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Executive Dysfunction and Memory Impairments in Hikikomori: A Neuropsychological Case-Control Study from Oman"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3378-8322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nutaila","family":"Al Kharusi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine & Public Health Muscat Muscat Governorate 123 Sultan Qaboos University College of Medicine and Health Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahya M.","family":"Al-Farsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine & Public Health Muscat Muscat Governorate 123 Sultan Qaboos University College of Medicine and Health Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moon Fai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine & Public Health Muscat Muscat Governorate 123 Sultan Qaboos University College of Medicine and Health Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Al-Adawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Medicine Muscat Muscat Governorate 123 Sultan Qaboos University College of Medicine and Health Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5880-1553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mallak","family":"Al-Mandhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine & Public Health Muscat Muscat Governorate 123 Sultan Qaboos University College of Medicine and Health Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasser","family":"Al-Sibani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Medicine Muscat Muscat Governorate 123 Sultan Qaboos University College of Medicine and Health Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"207-214","article-title":"Neuropsychological functions in anxiety disorders in population-based samples: evidence of episodic memory dysfunction.","volume":"39","author":"E Airaksinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"S511","article-title":"Public perception of mental illness in Oman: A cross-sectional study.","volume":"41","author":"M Al Alawi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. 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