{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T19:37:16Z","timestamp":1787859436806,"version":"build-2784847793"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18233.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]],"date-time":"2019-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554768000000}}],"reference-count":37,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]],"date-time":"2019-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016022","name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1568-CU-P-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1568-CU-P-2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016022","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Background:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    Given the considerable role played by\n                    <ns3:italic>Salmonella<\/ns3:italic>\n                    in the incidence of food contamination, around the world, surveillance of this infection is prioritized by both food producers and health care authorities. Data remains insufficient concerning the prevalence of\n                    <ns3:italic>Salmonella<\/ns3:italic>\n                    in poultry systems in Ecuador and in Latin America in general.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Methods:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    In this study, we evaluated the presence and diversity of\n                    <ns3:italic>Salmonella<\/ns3:italic>\n                    serovars in samples taken from 21 layer farms and backyard layers in central Ecuador during August-November 2017. \u00a0\n                    <ns3:italic>Salmonella<\/ns3:italic>\n                    was isolated following standardized methods (ISO 6579) and the serovar determination was carried out by PCR.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Results:\u00a0<\/ns3:bold>\n                    A significant presence of\n                    <ns3:italic>Salmonella<\/ns3:italic>\n                    was detected in the 21 farms evaluated, with a frequency of 76% (95% confidence interval (CI): 53-92) in environmental surfaces, 33% (95%CI: 15-57) in pooled cloacal swabs from layer hens, 33% (95% CI: 13\u201359) on feed samples, and 10% (95%CI: 1-30) in backyard layer feces from traditional local markets. The dominant serovars detected were\n                    <ns3:italic>S.<\/ns3:italic>\n                    Infantis and\n                    <ns3:italic>S.<\/ns3:italic>\n                    Typhimurium.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    This study forms a basis for further surveillance of\n                    <ns3:italic>Salmonella<\/ns3:italic>\n                    serovars in layer farms in central Ecuador.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18233.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]],"date-time":"2019-04-09T13:26:12Z","timestamp":1554816372000},"page":"235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Presence and diversity of Salmonella isolated from layer farms in central Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Gabriela A.","family":"Salazar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Guerrero-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Lalaleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3819-9206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Avil\u00e9s-Esquivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Vinueza-Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3819-9206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Calero-C\u00e1ceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4984-4991","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.11.4984-4991.2001","article-title":"Identification by subtractive hybridization of sequences specific for Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.","volume":"67","author":"P Agron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075-1083","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872000001000001","article-title":"Detecci\u00f3n de Salmonella enteritidis en muestras de productos av\u00edcolas de consumo humano en la Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana.","volume":"128","author":"S Alexandre","year":"2000","journal-title":"Revista M\u00e9dica de Chile."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144-149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2016.08.002","article-title":"Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Typhimurium infections linked to live poultry from agricultural feed stores and mail-order hatcheries, United States 2013.","volume":"2","author":"T Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"One Health."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441-447","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03401","article-title":"Survival of Salmonella enterica in poultry feed is strain dependent.","volume":"93","author":"A Andino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110-121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.004","article-title":"Salmonellosis: the role of poultry meat.","volume":"22","author":"P Antunes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50-52","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5450.50","article-title":"Tracing the origins of Salmonella outbreaks.","volume":"287","author":"A B\u00e4umler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432-1438","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu067","article-title":"Backyard poultry flocks and salmonellosis: a recurring, yet preventable public health challenge.","volume":"58","author":"C Behravesh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32-38","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1821","article-title":"Reported foodborne outbreaks due to fresh produce in the United States and European Union: trends and causes.","volume":"12","author":"R Callej\u00f3n","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis."},{"key":"ref-9","article-title":"Dataset 1. Origin, biochemical tests, PCR results and serovar of Salmonella isolates.","author":"W Calero-C\u00e1ceres","year":"2019a","journal-title":"figshare."},{"key":"ref-10","article-title":"Dataset 2. PCR results of bcfC, fliC and M.SinI genes.","author":"W Calero-C\u00e1ceres","year":"2019b","journal-title":"figshare."},{"key":"ref-11","article-title":"Supplementary figure 1.","author":"W Calero-C\u00e1ceres","year":"2019c","journal-title":"figshare."},{"key":"ref-12","article-title":"Salmonella Atlas","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159-169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(97)00114-4","article-title":"Distribution of Salmonella contamination in ten animal feedmills.","volume":"57","author":"R Davies","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874-883","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-11-458","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella from commercial broiler farms in two important poultry-producing regions of Colombia.","volume":"75","author":"P Donado-Godoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Food Prot."},{"key":"ref-15","article-title":"EU Summary Report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2013","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref-16","article-title":"Animal feed contamination: effects on livestock and food safety","author":"J Fink-Gremmels","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E173-87","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0447","article-title":"Food animal-associated Salmonella challenges: pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance.","volume":"86","author":"S Foley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4273-4279","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00598-11","article-title":"Population dynamics of Salmonella enterica serotypes in commercial egg and poultry production.","volume":"77","author":"S Foley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887-900","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0787","article-title":"Global monitoring of Salmonella serovar distribution from the World Health Organization Global Foodborne Infections Network Country Data Bank: results of quality assured laboratories from 2001 to 2007.","volume":"8","author":"R Hendriksen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis."},{"key":"ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63-81","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811835-1.00004-X","article-title":"Animal Feed Mill Biosecurity: Prevention of Biological Hazards","author":"A Huss","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref-21","article-title":"ISO 6579-1:2017 - Microbiology of the food chain -- Horizontal method for the detection, enumeration and serotyping of Salmonella -- Part 1: Detection of Salmonella spp","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526-530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2014.07.004","article-title":"Supplement 2008-2010 (no. 48) to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme.","volume":"165","author":"S Issenhuth-Jeanjean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102-113","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2010-00281","article-title":"A review of practical Salmonella control measures in animal feed.","volume":"20","author":"F Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Poult Res."},{"key":"ref-24","first-page":"756-759","article-title":"Microbial Load of Poultry By-Products Following Rendering Process.","volume":"12","author":"S Laban","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global Veterinaria."},{"key":"ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882-889","DOI":"10.1086\/650733","article-title":"The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis.","volume":"50","author":"S Majowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-26","article-title":"Gaceta Epidemiol\u00f3gica Ecuador SIVE-ALERTA \u2013 Ministerio de Salud P\u00fablica","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2959-2971","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27188-0","article-title":"Diversity of stx2 converting bacteriophages induced from Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from cattle.","volume":"150","author":"M Muniesa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology."},{"key":"ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22-27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2011.01.003","article-title":"Validation of a seminested PCR approach for rapid detection of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum.","volume":"85","author":"N Pugliese","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods."},{"key":"ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337-342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2010.05.021","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp., Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Typhimurium in sliced fruits using multiplex PCR.","volume":"22","author":"C Pui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref-30","first-page":"103-111","article-title":"Simultaneous Molecular Detection of Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhi, Enteritidis, Infantis, and Typhimurium.","volume":"46","author":"R Ranjbar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health."},{"key":"ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108-114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2011.10.002","article-title":"Salmonella, the host and its microbiota.","volume":"15","author":"P Thiennimitr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943-946","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1106.041231","article-title":"Hospitalization and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella outbreaks, 1984-2002.","volume":"11","author":"J Varma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26807\/remcb.v38i1.17","article-title":"Presencia y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos de serovariedades de Salmonella enterica aisladas en una empresa av\u00edcola integrada del Ecuador.","volume":"38","author":"S Villag\u00f3mez Estrada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Ecuat Med Cienc Biol."},{"key":"ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0159567","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159567","article-title":"Prevalence and Diversity of Salmonella Serotypes in Ecuadorian Broilers at Slaughter Age.","volume":"11","author":"C Vinueza-Burgos","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-35","article-title":"Salmonella","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244-251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03216.x","article-title":"Detection of Salmonella typhi by polymerase chain reaction.","volume":"80","author":"Q Zhu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Appl Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3881-3883","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01976-15","article-title":"One-Step Identification of Five Prominent Chicken Salmonella Serovars and Biotypes.","volume":"53","author":"C Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-235\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-235\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-235\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T17:55:12Z","timestamp":1649699712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-235\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]]},"references-count":37,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.18233.2","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.20651.r46971","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.20651.r46970","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.20651.r46971","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.20651.r46970","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-235\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.20651.r46971, Tania Gaviria Cant\u00edn, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Estad\u00edstica. Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad de Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia, 17 Apr 2019, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-235\/v2#referee-response-46971","order":0,"name":"referee-response-46971","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.20651.r46970, Eloy Gonzalez-Gustavson, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru, 09 Apr 2019, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-235\/v2#referee-response-46970","order":1,"name":"referee-response-46970","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This study was supported by the Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo DIDE-Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato (Project 1568-CU-P-2017). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}