{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T02:31:07Z","timestamp":1787625067284,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18262.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569283200000}}],"reference-count":71,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009250","name":"New Partnership for Africa's Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002992","name":"Department for International Development, UK Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002992","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011858","name":"African Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEL-15-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEL-15-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107742\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107742\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    Mosquitoes play a predominant role as leading agents in the spread of vector-borne diseases and the consequent mortality in humans. Despite reports on increase of new and recurrent mosquito borne-disease outbreaks such as chikungunya, dengue fever and Rift Valley fever in Kenya, little is known about the genetic characteristics and diversity of the vector species that have been incriminated in transmission of disease pathogens. In this study, \u00a0mosquito species were collected from Kisumu city, Kilifi town and Nairobi city and we determined their genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships. PCR was used to amplify the partial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene of mosquito samples. Molecular-genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the partial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene were employed to identify their relationship with known mosquito species. Fourteen (14) haplotypes belonging to genus\n                    <ns4:italic>Aedes<\/ns4:italic>\n                    , nine (9) haplotypes belonging to genus\n                    <ns4:italic>Anopheles<\/ns4:italic>\n                    and twelve (12) haplotypes belonging to genus\n                    <ns4:italic>Culex<\/ns4:italic>\n                    were identified in this study. Findings from this study revealed a potentially new haplotype belonging to\n                    <ns4:italic>Anopheles<\/ns4:italic>\n                    genus and reported the first molecular characterization of\n                    <ns4:italic>Aedes cumminsii<\/ns4:italic>\n                    in Kenya. Sequence results revealed variation in mosquito species from Kilifi, Kisumu and Nairobi. Since vector competence varies greatly across species as well as species-complexes and is strongly associated with specific behavioural adaptations, proper species identification is important for vector control programs.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18262.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T10:20:10Z","timestamp":1569320410000},"page":"262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Diversity and Molecular Characterization of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Selected Ecological Regions in Kenya."],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8962-966X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moni","family":"Makanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gladys","family":"Kemunto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Wamuyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Bargul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackson","family":"Muema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Mutunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2598-2","article-title":"Dengue and yellow fever virus vectors: seasonal abundance, diversity and resting preferences in three Kenyan cities.","volume":"10","author":"S Agha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.9224.1","article-title":"Rapid and high throughput molecular identification of diverse mosquito species by high resolution melting analysis. [version 1; referees: 2 approved].","volume":"5","author":"Y Ajamma","year":"2016a","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348-1363","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw102","article-title":"Composition and Genetic Diversity of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on Islands and Mainland Shores of Kenya's Lakes Victoria and Baringo.","volume":"53","author":"Y Ajamma","year":"2016b","journal-title":"J Med Entomol."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133-140","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2001000700022","article-title":"Climate-disease connections: Rift Valley Fever in Kenya.","volume":"17 Suppl","author":"A Anyamba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183-96","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1877","article-title":"Repetitive dengue outbreaks in East Africa: A proposed phased mitigation approach may reduce its impact.","volume":"26","author":"M Baba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1378","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001378","article-title":"Population dynamics of Aedes aegypti and dengue as influenced by weather and human behavior in San Juan, Puerto Rico.","volume":"5","author":"R Barrera","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"ref-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D32-D37","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq1079","article-title":"GenBank.","volume":"39","author":"D Benson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2559-9","article-title":"Mosquito-borne arboviruses of African origin: review of key viruses and vectors.","volume":"11","author":"L Braack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"ref-70","article-title":"Disease"},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769-71","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp078013","article-title":"Chikungunya outbreaks--the globalization of vectorborne diseases.","volume":"356","author":"R Charrel","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246-50","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.246","article-title":"Oviposition behavior of female Anopheles gambiae in western Kenya inferred from microsatellite markers.","volume":"75","author":"H Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-3-48","article-title":"Population genetic structure of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes on Lake Victoria islands, west Kenya.","volume":"3","author":"H Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-435","article-title":"Vector competence of Aedes aegypti populations from Kilifi and Nairobi for dengue 2 virus and the influence of temperature.","volume":"7","author":"E Chepkorir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37-41","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.37.37","article-title":"A ribosomal RNA gene probe differentiates member species of the Anopheles gambiae complex.","volume":"37","author":"F Collins","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3033-3047","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13653","article-title":"The hitchhiker's guide to becoming invasive: exotic mosquitoes spread across a US state by human transport not autonomous flight.","volume":"25","author":"A Egizi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Ecol."},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860-1861","DOI":"10.1126\/science.318.5858.1860","article-title":"Infectious diseases. Chikungunya: no longer a third world disease.","volume":"318","author":"M Enserink","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref-14","first-page":"294-299","article-title":"DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates.","volume":"3","author":"O Folmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221-224","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msp259","article-title":"SeaView version 4: A multiplatform graphical user interface for sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree building.","volume":"27","author":"M Gouy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e118-e122","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30476-5","article-title":"Guidelines, law, and governance: disconnects in the global control of airline-associated infectious diseases.","volume":"17","author":"A Grout","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55-57","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0102.952004","article-title":"Dengue\/dengue hemorrhagic fever: the emergence of a global health problem.","volume":"1","author":"D Gubler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100-103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)02288-0","article-title":"Epidemic dengue\/dengue hemorrhagic fever as a public health, social and economic problem in the 21st century.","volume":"10","author":"D Gubler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45170","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045170","article-title":"Sampling for microsatellite-based population genetic studies: 25 to 30 individuals per population is enough to accurately estimate allele frequencies.","volume":"7","author":"M Hale","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154-163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2016.10.230","article-title":"Quantifying the distribution and abundance of aedes mosquitoes in dengue risk areas in shah alam, selangor.","volume":"234","author":"A Hasnan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Soc Behav Sci."},{"key":"ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535-536","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.14.8.edit","article-title":"Chikungunya virus: a major emerging threat.","volume":"14","author":"S Higgs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061-1067","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys062","article-title":"Dendroscope 3: an interactive tool for rooted phylogenetic trees and networks.","volume":"61","author":"D Huson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst Biol."},{"key":"ref-23","first-page":"781-784","article-title":"Epidemic dengue fever caused by dengue type 2 virus in Kenya: preliminary results of human virological and serological studies.","volume":"59","author":"B Johnson","year":"1982","journal-title":"East Afr Med J."},{"key":"ref-24","first-page":"120-138","article-title":"Survey of urban mosquitoes species (Diptera: Culicidae) with focus on waste water channels as larval habitats in Nairobi industrial area, Kenya.","volume":"30","author":"G Kinuthia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr J Health Sci."},{"key":"ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.14419\/ijm.v4i2.5922","article-title":"Reducing the risk to marine ports from invasive mosquito species, zika, dengue, chikungunya viruses and filariasis.","volume":"4","author":"T Kollars","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mech Sci."},{"key":"ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0205058","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205058","article-title":"Human and entomologic investigations of chikungunya outbreak in Mandera, Northeastern Kenya, 2016.","volume":"13","author":"S Konongoi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19-29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.09.006","article-title":"Progress and Challenges in Infectious Disease Cartography.","volume":"32","author":"M Kraemer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870-1874","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets.","volume":"33","author":"S Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158-161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.06.006","article-title":"A first report of Anopheles funestus sibling species in western Kenya highlands.","volume":"128","author":"E Kweka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451-1452","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp187","article-title":"DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data.","volume":"25","author":"P Librado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.08.004","article-title":"Review of genetic diversity in malaria vectors (Culicidae: Anophelinae).","volume":"12","author":"J Loaiza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol."},{"key":"ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2826-4","article-title":"Spatio-temporal genetic structure of Anopheles gambiae in the Northwestern Lake Victoria Basin, Uganda: implications for genetic control trials in malaria endemic regions.","volume":"11","author":"M Lukindu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134-142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2013.12019.x","article-title":"Abundance, diversity, and distribution of mosquito vectors in selected ecological regions of Kenya: public health implications.","volume":"38","author":"J Lutomiah","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197-1201","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11062","article-title":"Ability of selected Kenyan mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) species to transmit West Nile virus under laboratory conditions.","volume":"48","author":"J Lutomiah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Entomol."},{"key":"ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103-109","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0602.000202","article-title":"Malaria on the move: human population movement and malaria transmission.","volume":"6","author":"P Martens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734-742","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.734","article-title":"Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of Anopheles mosquitoes and Plasmodium falciparum transmission along the Kenyan coast.","volume":"68","author":"C Mbogo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42-48","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/14.1.42","article-title":"Population characteristics of domestic Aedes aegypti (Diptera: culicidae) in villages on the Kenya Coast I. Adult survivorship and population size.","volume":"14","author":"P McDonald","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Med Entomol."},{"key":"ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923-929","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.6.923","article-title":"Estimating dispersal and survival of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus along the Kenyan coast by using mark-release-recapture methods.","volume":"44","author":"J Midega","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Entomol."},{"key":"ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103-108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.01.011","article-title":"Population structure of Anopheles gambiae along the Kenyan coast.","volume":"114","author":"J Midega","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1877-7","article-title":"Comparative morphological and molecular analysis confirms the presence of the West Nile virus mosquito vector, Culex univittatus, in the Iberian Peninsula.","volume":"9","author":"V Mix\u00e3o","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395-2400","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.7.2395","article-title":"Dengue: the risk to developed and developing countries.","volume":"91","author":"T Monath","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"ref-42","first-page":"166-168","article-title":"Serological evidence of arboviral infections among humans of coastal Kenya.","volume":"94","author":"J Morrill","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107-121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4726-2","article-title":"DNA barcoding and molecular evolution of mosquito vectors of medical and veterinary importance.","volume":"115","author":"K Murugan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129-137","DOI":"10.3376\/1081-1710(2006)31[129:MSDAAI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Mosquito species diversity and abundance in relation to land use in a riceland agroecosystem in Mwea, Kenya.","volume":"31","author":"E Muturi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-13","article-title":"Shifts in malaria vector species composition and transmission dynamics along the Kenyan coast over the past 20 years.","volume":"12","author":"J Mwangangi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61-71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2449-6","article-title":"Mosquito species abundance and diversity in Malindi, Kenya and their potential implication in pathogen transmission.","volume":"110","author":"J Mwangangi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245-251","DOI":"10.3376\/1081-1710(2006)31[245:DOISOA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Dynamics of immature stages of Anopheles arabiensis and other mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to rice cropping in a rice agro-ecosystem in Kenya.","volume":"31","author":"J Mwangangi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-270","article-title":"Methods to collect Anopheles mosquitoes and evaluate malaria transmission: a comparative study in two villages in Senegal.","volume":"10","author":"M Ndiath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2271-9","article-title":"Characterization and productivity profiles of Aedes aegypti (L.) breeding habitats across rural and urban landscapes in western and coastal Kenya.","volume":"10","author":"H Ngugi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11-17","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276130395","article-title":"History of domestication and spread of Aedes aegypti--a review.","volume":"108","author":"J Powell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356-367","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.3.356","article-title":"Mosquito abundance and bionomics in residential communities in Orange and Los Angeles Counties, California.","volume":"27","author":"W Reisen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Med Entomol."},{"key":"ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19509","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.10.19509-en","article-title":"Yellow fever and dengue: a threat to Europe?","volume":"15","author":"P Reiter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525-530","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.4.525","article-title":"Mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) breeding in brackish water: female ovipositional preferences or larval survival?","volume":"33","author":"D Roberts","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Med Entomol."},{"key":"ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269-272","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742758400001557","article-title":"Seasonal incidence of Amblyospora sp. (Thelohaniidae: Microsporidia) in Culex sitiens larvae at the Kenya coast.","volume":"5","author":"D Sabwa","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int J Trop Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1217-6","article-title":"Evidence of new species for malaria vector Anopheles nuneztovari sensu lato in the Brazilian Amazon region.","volume":"15","author":"V Scarpassa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576-582","DOI":"10.1603\/0013-8746(2001)094[0576:COMDCF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Comparison of mosquito (diptera: culicidae) fauna characteristics of forested wetlands in sweden.","volume":"94","author":"M Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Neophilologica."},{"key":"ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7347-7353","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110707347","article-title":"Climate change and human health.","volume":"11","author":"J Semenza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711-742","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300039614","article-title":"Studies on the Bionomics of A\u00ebdes aegypti (L.) in its Natural Habitats in a Coastal Region of Kenya.","volume":"46","author":"C Teesdale","year":"1955","journal-title":"Bus Econ Rev."},{"key":"ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288-293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01567.x","article-title":"Long-term study of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in Anopheles subpictus in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, South India.","volume":"11","author":"V Thenmozhi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health."},{"key":"ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4876-4882","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.24.4876","article-title":"The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools.","volume":"25","author":"J Thompson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413-414","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.413","article-title":"Potential for New York mosquitoes to transmit West Nile virus.","volume":"62","author":"M Turell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616-621","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.616","article-title":"Differential infectivities of o'nyong-nyong and chikungunya virus isolates in Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.","volume":"72","author":"D Vanlandingham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189-1191","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp033","article-title":"Jalview Version 2--a multiple sequence alignment editor and analysis workbench.","volume":"25","author":"A Waterhouse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267-270","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223467","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of human mobility on malaria.","volume":"338","author":"A Wesolowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref-66","article-title":"In Kenya, the path to elimination of malaria is lined with good preventions","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref-67","article-title":"Epidemiology."},{"key":"ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377-90, x","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2008.07.002","article-title":"Geographic expansion of dengue: the impact of international travel.","volume":"92","author":"A Wilder-Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am."},{"key":"ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338-342","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.1.338","article-title":"Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: implications for the design of control programs.","volume":"94","author":"M Woolhouse","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-262\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-262\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-262\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T14:26:16Z","timestamp":1664461576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-262\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"references-count":71,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.18262.2","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.22664.r63163","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.22664.r54257","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.22664.r63163","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.22664.r54257","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-262\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.22664.r54257, Nicholas Johnson, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK, 03 Oct 2019, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-262\/v2#referee-response-54257","order":0,"name":"referee-response-54257","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.19974.r47313, Laban Njoroge, Invertebrate Zoology Section, The National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya, 28 May 2019, version 1, 2 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-262\/v1#referee-response-47313","order":1,"name":"referee-response-47313","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Moni Makanda<\/b>; <i>Posted: 11 Sep 2019<\/i>; First and foremost I would like to thank you for taking your time to review this article. Your views were most welcome and addressed accordingly.&nbsp; Grammatical errors were corrected throughout the article as highlighted.&nbsp; Effect of transportation on mosquito diversity was not a focus in this study. This study looked in to the diversity of mosquitoes in the study sites being town areas.&nbsp; The conclusion was strengthened as recommended.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-262\/v2#referee-comment-4916","order":2,"name":"referee-comment-4916","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.22664.r63163, Kentaro Itokawa, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, 22 May 2020, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-262\/v2#referee-response-63163","order":3,"name":"referee-response-63163","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"JB is a Training Health Researchers into Vocational Excellence 2 (THRiVE-2) fellow, a program of the Developing Excellence in Leadership, Training and Science (DELTAS) Africa Initiative [DEL-15-011]. The DELTAS Africa Initiative is an independent funding scheme of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS)\u2019s Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science in Africa (AESA) and supported by the New Partnership for Africa\u2019s Development Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency) with funding from the Wellcome Trust [107742\/Z\/15\/Z] and the UK government. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of AAS, NEPAD Agency, Wellcome Trust or the UK government. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}