{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T10:13:07Z","timestamp":1783764787250,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"No"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns5:p>Background Superficial veins in the cubital region are important for medical practitioners to access the circulatory system for various clinical procedures. Despite their clinical importance, these veins are known to exhibit constant variations in their patterns from population-to- population. This prompted us to explore the various venous patterns in the cubital region of the Gulf Arab population. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain, involving medical students from Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Kuwait. This study included a total number of volunteers (n\u00a0=\u00a0166). A total of 332 venous patterns in the cubital region were recorded by applying a tourniquet, using a standard protocol. Results The volunteers who participated in this study were the range of 17\u201327\u00a0years. Of the total participants, the majority were males (n\u00a0=\u00a0139; 83.73%) with a lower number of females (n\u00a0=\u00a027; 16.27%) presenting 9 different types of venous patterns with type 6 venous pattern (29.2%) as the most common, followed by type 1 venous pattern (24.09%) in both males and females and in right-left sides. Type 5 was the least common variant observed in 0.3% of cases. Overall, no statistically significant differences were found between the variant venous patterns of the Bahraini-Saudi, Bahraini\u2013Kuwaiti, and Saudi-Kuwaiti populations (P\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05). Conclusion Our findings reveal that type 6 is the most common venous pattern, followed by type 1, in the cubital regions of both males and females of the studied populations. These observations are unique and inconsistent with the findings of earlier studies. Sound knowledge of these variant venous patterns is very useful when performing safe venipuncture and complex surgical interventions.<\/ns5:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.185084.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T17:29:09Z","timestamp":1783186149000},"page":"1068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding the patterns of superficial veins in cubital region: a cross-sectional study from Gulf Arab Populations"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0733-4631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdel Halim","family":"Salem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Manama Arabian Gulf University College of Medicine and Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razan Yusuf","family":"Alkhatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Dhahran, Eastern Province King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem Yousef","family":"Almarshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Dammam Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turki Fahad","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology Riyadh Children's Specialized Hospital, King Fahad Medical City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munirah Kateb","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Dammam Security Forces Hospital Dammam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wedad S.","family":"Al Muhaish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manama Arabian Gulf University College of Medicine and Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3673-990X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wael Amin","family":"Nasr El-Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Manama Arabian Gulf University College of Medicine and Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7945-5037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhagath Kumar","family":"Potu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Manama Arabian Gulf University College of Medicine and Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref2","first-page":"138-142","article-title":"Morphological characteristics of upper limb superficial veins in adults.","author":"P Hryntsevich","year":"2025","journal-title":"Actual issues of morphology."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87-92","DOI":"10.5301\/jva.5000429","article-title":"Patterns of superficial veins of the middle upper extremity in Caucasian population.","volume":"17","author":"N Vu\u010dini\u0107","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Access."},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"885-894","article-title":"Venous formations in the cubital fossa of Mapuche. Bioscopic Study.","volume":"23","author":"M Del Sol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"239-241","article-title":"Patterns of superficial veins of the cubital fossa in Malays.","volume":"49","author":"A Dharap","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia."},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"191-199","article-title":"Superficial venous anastomosis in the human upper extremity--a post-mortem study.","volume":"62","author":"R Jasi\u0144ski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Folia Morphol. (Warsz)."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204-208","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-4025.297895","article-title":"A study on superficial veins of upper limb.","volume":"2","author":"T Vasudha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat J Clin Anat."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46-57","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-012-0160-z","article-title":"Topographical anatomy of superficial veins, cutaneous nerves, and arteries at venipuncture sites in the cubital fossa.","volume":"88","author":"Y Mikuni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anat. Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104-109","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.106777","article-title":"Patterns of superficial venous arrangement in the cubital fossa of adult Nigerians.","volume":"16","author":"U Ukoha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238-1243","DOI":"10.4314\/aja.v7i2.174144","article-title":"Anatomical variations of superficial veins pattern in Cubital fossa among Northwest Ethiopians.","volume":"7","author":"A Bekel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anat J Afr."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tria.2021.100136","article-title":"Variation of superficial veins of cubital fossa among students of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences.","volume":"25","author":"G Ghasem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Translational Research in Anatomy."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148-154","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.21.217","article-title":"Patterns of superficial veins in the cubital fossa and its clinical implications among southern Ethiopian population.","volume":"55","author":"T Melaku","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anat Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29333\/ejgm\/12737","article-title":"Patterns of superficial antecubital veins observed by near-infrared light technique: A community-based study.","volume":"20","author":"S Hiware","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electron J Gen Med."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6095-6099","DOI":"10.53555\/AJBR.v27i3S.3490","article-title":"Anatomical variations of superficial venous patterns of the cubital region in adult Sudanese.","volume":"27","author":"E Elghazaly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4038\/slaj.v9i2.283","article-title":"Variations of superficial veins in the cubital fossa-A cadaveric study in a Sri Lankan population.","volume":"9","author":"M Jahan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sri Lanka Anatomy Journal."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62-65","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.2015.48.1.62","article-title":"Variations of the cubital superficial vein investigated by using the intravenous illuminator.","volume":"48","author":"H Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anat Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"269-274","article-title":"Pattern of superficial venous arrangement in: the cubital fossa of adult Jordanians.","volume":"48","author":"F AlBustami","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med J."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.59675\/M2022-01","article-title":"A Study of Superficial Venous Patterns of the Cubital Fossa Among Iraqi Population. Academic.","volume":"1","author":"R Ogaili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"6361-6366","article-title":"Patterns of superficial cubital veins in Sohag university students.","volume":"89","author":"S Ouies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s44337-026-00571-2","article-title":"Comparison of basilic vein transposition and arteriovenous graft for hemodialysis access with respect to patency complications and dialysis initiation time in a short-term prospective cohort study.","volume":"3","author":"P Nikraftar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403-414","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355516655670","article-title":"Patterns of the superficial veins of the cubital fossa: a meta-analysis.","volume":"32","author":"K Yammine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phlebology."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.32770011","author":"B Potu","year":"2026","journal-title":"figshare."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1068\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1068\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1068\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T09:49:11Z","timestamp":1783763351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1068\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"references-count":21,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.185084.1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.204299.r499383","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.204299.r499380","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.204299.r499383","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.204299.r499380","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1068\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.204299.r499383, Dr. Vasantha kumar Pakirisamy, Department of Anatomy, St. Matthew's University School of Medicine, West Bay, 10 Jul 2026, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1068\/v1#referee-response-499383","order":0,"name":"referee-response-499383","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.204299.r499380, Abdelmonem Awad Hegazy, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, 11 Jul 2026, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1068\/v1#referee-response-499380","order":1,"name":"referee-response-499380","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}