{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:08:44Z","timestamp":1772168924283,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18861.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578441600000}}],"reference-count":21,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578441600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine","award":["757224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["757224"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    To obtain a detailed picture of the dynamics of antibiotic resistance development in\n                    <ns4:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/ns4:italic>\n                    , we built a morbidostat according to the protocol of Toprak\n                    <ns4:italic>et al<\/ns4:italic>\n                    ., adjusted to the specific characteristics required for the growth of\n                    <ns4:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/ns4:italic>\n                    . In this article we describe the adaptations, specifications and the difficulties we encountered during the construction and optimization of the NG morbidostat. As a proof of concept, we conducted a morbidostat experiment by increasing concentrations of azithromycin in response to bacterial growth. We started the experiment with two\n                    <ns4:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/ns4:italic>\n                    reference strains WHO-F and WHO-X. These strains were grown in 12 mL GC Broth supplemented with IsoVitaleX\u2122 (1%) and vancomycin, colistin, nystatin, trimethoprim (VCNT) selective supplement for 30 days in a 6% CO\n                    <ns4:sub>2<\/ns4:sub>\n                    environment at 36\u00b0C. Samples of the cultures were taken 2-3 times a week and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of azithromycin were determined using E-test. The initial MICs of WHO-F and WHO-X were 0.125 \u00b5g\/mL and 0.25 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. In less than 30 days, we were able to induce high level azithromycin resistance in\n                    <ns4:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/ns4:italic>\n                    , with a 750 and 1000 fold increase in MIC for WHO-F and WHO-X, respectively.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18861.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T12:15:06Z","timestamp":1578485706000},"page":"560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Construction and optimization of a \u2018NG Morbidostat\u2019 - An automated continuous-culture device for studying the pathways towards antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9138-7815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Els","family":"Verhoeven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Said","family":"Abdellati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Nys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0168-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolein","family":"Laumen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irith","family":"De Baetselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2235-6038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Crucitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Kenyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","article-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Fourth Edition.","author":"K Holmes","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665-686","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090816-093530","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Drug Resistance, Mouse Models, and Vaccine Development.","volume":"71","author":"P Rice","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76-82","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(12)40653-X","article-title":"The threat of untreatable gonorrhoea: implications and consequences for reproductive and sexual morbidity.","volume":"20","author":"F Ndowa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Health Matters."},{"key":"ref-4","article-title":"Report on global sexually transmitted infection surveillance, 2018.","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref-5","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections and chlamydia screening in England, 2015.","volume":"10","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref-6","article-title":"Annual Epidemiological Report: Gonorrhoea.","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587-613","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00010-14","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the 21st century: past, evolution, and future.","volume":"27","author":"M Unemo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85-92","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462412472837","article-title":"2012 European guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea in adults.","volume":"24","author":"C Bignell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS."},{"key":"ref-9","article-title":"WHO | WHO guidelines for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002344","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Global surveillance and a call for international collaborative action.","volume":"14","author":"T Wi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.27.1800323","article-title":"Gonorrhoea treatment failure caused by a Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain with combined ceftriaxone and high-level azithromycin resistance, England, February 2018.","volume":"23","author":"D Eyre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref-12","first-page":"419-431","article-title":"An insight into the drug resistance profile & mechanism of drug resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.","volume":"134","author":"A Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res."},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555-567","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.nprot.2013.021","article-title":"Building a morbidostat: an automated continuous-culture device for studying bacterial drug resistance under dynamically sustained drug inhibition.","volume":"8","author":"E Toprak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Protoc."},{"key":"ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101-105","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.1034","article-title":"Evolutionary paths to antibiotic resistance under dynamically sustained drug selection.","volume":"44","author":"E Toprak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00043-17","article-title":"Rapid and Consistent Evolution of Colistin Resistance in Extensively Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa during Morbidostat Culture.","volume":"61","author":"B D\u00f6\u00dfelmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-016-5731-4","article-title":"Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for medical applications.","volume":"27","author":"I Panayotov","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mater Sci Mater Med."},{"key":"ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54426","DOI":"10.3791\/54426","article-title":"Design and Use of a Low Cost, Automated Morbidostat for Adaptive Evolution of Bacteria Under Antibiotic Drug Selection.","author":"P Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vis 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v2.0.0).","author":"everhoeven","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zenodo."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-560\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-560\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-560\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T05:15:15Z","timestamp":1586409315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-560\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]]},"references-count":21,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.18861.2","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.23861.r58408","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.23861.r58407","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.23861.r58407","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.23861.r58408","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-560\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.23861.r58408, William M. Shafer, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 09 Jan 2020, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-560\/v2#referee-response-58408","order":0,"name":"referee-response-58408","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.23861.r58407, Olusegun Soge, Neisseria Reference Laboratory, Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, 09 Apr 2020, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-560\/v2#referee-response-58407","order":1,"name":"referee-response-58407","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The project has been funded by the Institute of Tropical Medicine [pump prime 757224]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}