{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T07:00:52Z","timestamp":1789974052156,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.188950.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000}}],"reference-count":14,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    Abstract* Background Transformational leadership has been associated with improved organizational performance and employee well-being. However, evidence on structured transformational leadership program in primary healthcare settings remains limited, particularly in Saudi Arabia. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a transformational leadership program in improving nurses\u2019 job satisfaction and perceptions of the work environment in primary healthcare centers in Medina, Saudi Arabia. Methods A quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test study with a control group was conducted among 104 nurses working in Ministry of Health primary healthcare centers in Medina, Saudi Arabia. Participants were assigned to an intervention group (n\u00a0=\u00a052) or a control group (n\u00a0=\u00a052). The intervention comprised a structured transformational leadership program delivered to nurse managers over two weeks. Job satisfaction was assessed using the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), while the work environment was assessed using the Areas of Worklife Survey (AWS). Within-group changes were examined using paired-samples t-tests, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare post-intervention outcomes between groups after adjustment for baseline scores. Results Significant improvements were observed in the intervention group compared with the control group across all study outcomes. After adjustment for baseline scores, ANCOVA demonstrated significant intervention effects on overall job satisfaction (partial \u03b7\n                    <ns3:sup>2<\/ns3:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.883), intrinsic job satisfaction (partial \u03b7\n                    <ns3:sup>2<\/ns3:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.910), extrinsic job satisfaction (partial \u03b7\n                    <ns3:sup>2<\/ns3:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.689), and work environment (partial \u03b7\n                    <ns3:sup>2<\/ns3:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.747) (all p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Conclusions A structured transformational leadership program delivered to nurse managers over two weeks was associated with significant improvements in nurses\u2019 job satisfaction and perceptions of the work environment in primary healthcare centers. Leadership development may provide a practical organizational strategy for strengthening nurses\u2019 workplace well-being and improving work environments in primary healthcare settings.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.188950.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:09:07Z","timestamp":1789042147000},"page":"1436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of a Transformational Leadership Program for Nurse Managers on Nurses' Job Satisfaction and Work Environment in Saudi Arabian Primary Healthcare Centers: A Quasi-Experimental Study \u202f"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9987-2568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alrashidi Nasser","family":"Ayidh M","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing Petaling Jaya Selangor Lincoln University College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7323-4308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tukimin bin","family":"Sansuwito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing Petaling Jaya Selangor Lincoln University College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804-814","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2834.2010.01131.x","article-title":"Factors contributing to nurse job satisfaction in the acute hospital setting: Review of recent literature.","volume":"18","author":"B Hayes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Manag."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211-227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2004.09.003","article-title":"Job satisfaction among nurses: A literature review.","volume":"42","author":"H Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-12","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440231208930","article-title":"Assessment of nursing practice environment in primary healthcare centers in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study.","volume":"13","author":"N Almadani","year":"2023","journal-title":"SAGE Open."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668-678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2834.2011.01320.x","article-title":"The impact of leadership styles on nurses\u2019 satisfaction and intention to stay among Saudi nurses.","volume":"20","author":"R Abualrub","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Manag."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410617095","author":"B Bass","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transformational leadership."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180-189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2017.10.004","article-title":"Effect of transformational leadership on job satisfaction and patient safety outcomes.","volume":"66","author":"S Boamah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nurs. Outlook."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271-1290","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep13030108","article-title":"The impact of transformational leadership in the nursing work environment and patients\u2019 outcomes: A systematic review.","volume":"13","author":"L Ystaas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurs. Rep."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494-505","DOI":"10.1108\/LHS-11-2021-0091","article-title":"Transformational leadership practices of nurse managers: The effects on the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of staff nurses.","volume":"35","author":"F Uslu Sahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leadersh. Health Serv."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-10335-8","article-title":"The effect of transformation policies on healthcare providers\u2019 satisfaction in primary healthcare centers: The case of Eastern Saudi Arabia.","volume":"23","author":"A Althumairi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-02395-w","article-title":"Leaders development program by 360 degree feedback: Reflection on head nurses\u2019 leadership practices.","volume":"23","author":"S Emam","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Nurs."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100-107","DOI":"10.21833\/ijaas.2024.12.012","article-title":"Exploring the transformational leadership capacities of nurse supervisors in Saudi Arabia.","volume":"11","author":"G Lagura","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23779608231197428","DOI":"10.1177\/23779608231197428","article-title":"The impact of transformational leadership style on nurses\u2019 job satisfaction: An integrative review.","volume":"9","author":"G Gebreheat","year":"2023","journal-title":"SAGE Open Nurs."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3561-3574","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep14040260","article-title":"Transformational leadership and its impact on job satisfaction and personal mastery for nursing leaders in healthcare organizations.","volume":"14","author":"I Notarnicola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurs. Rep."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.33109133.v1","author":"M Ayidh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Figshare."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1436\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1436\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1436\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T06:09:08Z","timestamp":1789970948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1436\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":14,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.188950.2","relation":{"has-version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/f1000research.188950.1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.209767.r520158","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.209767.r520158","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1436\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.209767.r520158, Benny Hutahayan, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 21 Sep 2026, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1436\/v2#referee-response-520158","order":0,"name":"referee-response-520158","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.208540.r516076, Suryanti Suryanti, University of Batam, Batam, 01 Sep 2026, version 1, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/15-1436\/v1#referee-response-516076","order":1,"name":"referee-response-516076","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}