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This system is critical for virulence of all three pathogens in tissue infection. Neutrophils are rapidly recruited to infected sites and all three pathogens frequently interact with and inject Yops into these cells during tissue infection. Host receptors, serum factors, and bacterial adhesins appear to collaborate to promote neutrophil\u2013<ns4:italic>Yersinia<\/ns4:italic> interactions in tissues. The ability of neutrophils to control infection is mixed depending on the stage of infection and points to the efficiency of Yops and other bacterial factors to mitigate bactericidal effects of neutrophils. <ns4:italic>Yersinia<\/ns4:italic> in close proximity to neutrophils has higher levels of expression from <ns4:italic>yop<\/ns4:italic> promoters, and neutrophils in close proximity to <ns4:italic>Yersinia<\/ns4:italic> express higher levels of pro-survival genes than migrating neutrophils. In infected tissues, YopM increases neutrophil survival and YopH targets a SKAP2\/SLP-76 signal transduction pathway. Yet the full impact of these and other Yops and other <ns4:italic>Yersinia<\/ns4:italic> factors on neutrophils in infected tissues has yet to be understood.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18940.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T04:30:06Z","timestamp":1562819406000},"page":"1046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Unraveling neutrophil\u2013Yersinia interactions during tissue infection"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9455-6672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Mecsas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14043-8","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.14043","article-title":"Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.","volume":"96","author":"M Achtman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8466.1","article-title":"Yersinia virulence factors - a sophisticated arsenal for combating host defences [version 1; peer review: 2 approved].","volume":"5","author":"S 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