{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T01:33:32Z","timestamp":1775093612264,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.19605.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582761600000}}],"reference-count":56,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stockton-on-Tees County Council"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Callous-unemotional (CU) traits are important for designating a distinct subgroup of children and adolescents with behaviour problems.\u00a0 As a result, CU traits are now used to form the specifier \u201cwith Limited Prosocial Emotions\u201d that is part of the diagnostic criteria for the Conduct Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5\n                    <ns4:sup>th<\/ns4:sup>\n                    Edition (DSM-5) and International Classification of Diseases 11\n                    <ns4:sup>th<\/ns4:sup>\n                    Revision (ICD-11). \u00a0Given this inclusion in major classification systems, it is important to develop and test methods for assessing these traits that can be used in clinical settings.\u00a0 The present study aimed to validate a clinician rating of CU traits, the Clinical Assessment of Prosocial Emotions, Version 1.1 (CAPE 1.1), in a sample of hard-to-reach families referred to a government program designed to prevent the development of behaviour problems in high risk families.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Clinical ratings of children were obtained from 34 families of children ages 5 to 18 (M=13.5; SD=3.2). The ratings on the CAPE 1.1 were based on interviews with both parent and child.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results<\/ns4:bold>\n                    <ns4:bold>:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Of the sample, 21% (100% male) met the diagnostic cut-off for the specifier according to the CAPE 1.1, and CAPE 1.1 scores were associated with parent ratings of CU traits, psychopathic traits, and externalising behaviours. CAPE 1.1 ratings were also associated with risk for violence obtained from case files.\u00a0\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    These findings provide preliminary evidence for the validity of the CAPE 1.1 as clinician rated measure of CU traits.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.19605.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T07:50:08Z","timestamp":1582789808000},"page":"1027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["CAPE for measuring callous-unemotional traits in disadvantaged families: a cross-sectional validation study"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4562-8187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luna C.M.","family":"Centifanti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6402-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7835-1105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine J.","family":"Atherton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas D.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"MacLellan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Frick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710-722","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12114","article-title":"Evaluating Callous-Unemotional Traits as a Personality Construct.","volume":"83","author":"P Frick","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pers."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139-160","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811323-3.00006-7","article-title":"Callous\u2013unemotional traits.","author":"P Frick","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656-664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.03.014","article-title":"Etiology of different developmental trajectories of callous-unemotional traits.","volume":"49","author":"N Fontaine","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359-375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x","article-title":"Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior.","volume":"49","author":"P Frick","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-57","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033076","article-title":"Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? 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A Brief Measure of Parental Attributions Assessing Parents' Intentionality, Permanence, and Dispositional Attributions of Their Child with Conduct Problems.","volume":"50","author":"V Sawrikar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev."},{"key":"ref-56","article-title":"Centifanti TF target-child dataset for limited prosocial emotions using CAPE","author":"L Centifanti","year":"2019","journal-title":"figshare."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1027\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1027\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1027\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T11:25:09Z","timestamp":1583407509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1027\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"references-count":56,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.19605.2","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.24911.r60644","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.24911.r60643","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.24911.r60644","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.24911.r60645","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1027\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.24911.r60644, Stuart F. White, Center\u00a0for\u00a0Neurobehavioral Research\u00a0(CNR), Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA, 05 Mar 2020, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1027\/v2#referee-response-60644","order":0,"name":"referee-response-60644","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.21496.r56051, Giorgos Georgiou, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus, 07 Nov 2019, version 1, 3 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1027\/v1#referee-response-56051","order":1,"name":"referee-response-56051","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Luna Centifanti<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 23 Feb 2020<\/i>; Thank-you for the opportunity to revise and resubmit our paper to F1000Research. We are very glad to hear that there was interest in our manuscript and an appreciation for the contribution made with regards to providing support for the utility and validity of the CAPE. We would like to thank the three reviewers for their insightful and constructive comments on the first submission. Below we have responded to their comments and hope to have addressed the concerns adequately.&nbsp;\n<b>Reviewer 2 <\/b>&nbsp;\n<u>Introduction<\/u>  \n<b>Authors provide very detailed information regarding CAPE 1.1 and also the aim of the study. However, since authors investigated the difference between non-target with target children on several measures, something that is not mentioned in the introduction, they should revise the aim section by adding this information.<\/b>  We agree with this point and have removed this part of the assessment. This is outlined in response to [Reviewer 1\u2019s] comment 2 (a).  \n<b>LPE specifier is part of the diagnosis of Conduct disorder. In the current paper it is mentioned that participants come from high-risk, difficult to access families. However, it is useful to inform readers if those children exhibit symptoms that lead to the diagnosis of CD or any other comorbidity. <\/b>  Local authorities identified families to take part in the government schemes. As researchers were not involved in this process, we cannot comment on whether the children of those families exhibited symptoms. However, we do acknowledge that children exhibiting symptoms of conduct problems often come from high-risk, difficult to access families.&nbsp;\n<i>Children who show serious conduct problems tend to come from high-risk backgrounds involving disorganized, unmotivated or disadvantaged families.<\/i>&nbsp;\n<u>Method<\/u>  \n<b>In the participants section it is mentioned that children's ages ranged between 3 -19 years old. In the next paragraph the descriptive information of target children are not consisted (it is mentioned a range of 5-18 years old). It should be clarified if target children are the actual participants and if this is the case then why there are different descriptive statistics and range of age.<\/b>  Thanks for noticing this. The first age range of 3-19 was descriptive of all children under the scheme but not all children were included in the study, therefore, we have removed this information to make it clearer.  \n<b>It is mentioned that 6 families were deemed unsuitable or declined. Authors should provide the reasons that lead to this decision (not in details).<\/b>  Thank-you for pointing out that this was not clear, we have added the below information for clarification.&nbsp;\n<i>These were unsuitable because either the caseworkers were themselves afraid of violence or the families were already non-compliant with the caseworkers efforts at intervention.<\/i>  \n<b>In CAPE 1.1 description it is stated that a child with a diagnosis of ASD was included in the study. I am not convinced that a child with autism can participate in the current study. Despite their similarities in behavior and in empathy difficulties, ASD and CU traits have different underlying mechanisms. Thus, authors should not use the data of this participant or justify the decision of including them.<\/b>  Thank-you for this valuable input, we have now added in the below information to justify our decision for including children with ASD.&nbsp;\n<i>We decided to do assessments using the CAPE regardless of potential diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), because research shows that some children have a \u2018double hit\u2019 of ASD and callous-unemotional traits (Pasalich et al., 2014) and the modest phenotypic overlap observed in social-emotional deficits is largely explained by shared genetic variance (O\u2019Nions et al., 2015).&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/i>&nbsp;\n<u>Results <\/u>  \n<b>A descriptive table will help readers to have a more clear idea of all basic demographics information.<\/b>  We agree with this comment and have therefore added a figure (Figure 1) to make the demographic information clearer.  \n<b>In figure 1, authors provide very useful information regarding the differences between target and non-target children. However, it is not mentioned in the introduction and method section that authors will investigate this. Thus, it should be stated as an aim of the study and also in both measures and participants section.<\/b>  To ensure the focus remains on the validation of the CAPE we have chosen to remove the assessment of the non-target youth. This is outlined in response to [Reviewer 1\u2019s] comment 2 (a).  \n<b>Figure 4 (correlations) is very difficult to follow<\/b>  In light of this comment and [Reviewer 1\u2019s] comment 6 (b), we have now presented the information in a correlation table.&nbsp;\n<u>Discussion<\/u>  \n<b>Discussion is well written, and the limitation section discuss all issues that are raised (both in method and interpretation). However, authors again do not mention anything about the non-target children.<\/b>  Thank-you for such positive feedback on our discussion. We have now removed the assessment of non-target children, as we agree the purpose for inclusion was not clear. This is outlined in response to [Reviewer 1\u2019s] comment 1 (a).","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1027\/v2#referee-comment-5257","order":2,"name":"referee-comment-5257","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.21496.r56052, Timothy R. Stickle, Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA, 15 Nov 2019, version 1, 3 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1027\/v1#referee-response-56052","order":3,"name":"referee-response-56052","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Luna Centifanti<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 23 Feb 2020<\/i>; Thank-you for the opportunity to revise and resubmit our paper to F1000Research. We are very glad to hear that there was interest in our manuscript and an appreciation for the contribution made with regards to providing support for the utility and validity of the CAPE. We would like to thank the three reviewers for their insightful and constructive comments on the first submission. Below we have responded to their comments and hope to have addressed the concerns adequately.\n<b>Reviewer 3<\/b>&nbsp;\n<u>Method\/Sample<\/u>  \n<b>The manuscript notes different age ranges. If I understand correctly the target children ranged in age from 5-18 years and that all children ranged in age from 3-19 years. I think it would help the reader to explicitly denote these age ranges in terms of target and comparison children (or some other fashion). Please comment on whether we should we expect the LPE specifier and thus the CAPE to perform similarly across this wide developmental range? <\/b>  This point was also raised by the second reviewer and we recognise that the information given is confusing. The first age range of 3-19 was descriptive of all children under the scheme but not all children were included in the study, therefore, we have removed this information to make it clearer.&nbsp;We have also included the below information in the Method section to address concerns regarding the use of the CAPE across a wide developmental range.&nbsp;\n<i>The manual specifies that raters use their developmental psychology training to ensure that symptoms are rated with regard to what is typical behaviour for a child based on their age. Both raters had sufficient training in developmental psychology and the assessment of callous-unemotional traits to assess children as young as 2-3 years of age (Waller et al., 2016).<\/i>  \n<b>The total sample of children appears to be N = 85. This sample size should be stated explicitly as the manuscript states it somewhat indirectly in terms of describing a breakdown of 50 non-target and 35 target children when describing group characteristics. <\/b>&nbsp;  Thank-you for this suggestion. We have added the below to make this clearer.&nbsp;\n<i>One of the target children was selected at random from the family that had two target children. Therefore, the total sample of children (N=84), consisted of 34 target children and 50 non-target children.<\/i>  \n<b>Given that there are 34 families and, if I understood correctly, 85 children, ratings of children in the same family by the same parent are nested and so non-independent. The nesting calls into question the validity of p-values derived from tests of statistical significance assuming independence of observation. Some way of addressing this concern should be included. <\/b>  We have made the decision to remove the analyses for the part of the assessment that includes the non-target children - outlined in response to [Reviewer 1\u2019s] comment 2 (a). Therefore this is no longer an issue.  \n<b>An additional statistical concern, is low power, as acknowledged by the authors as a caveat to interpreting results. A formal power analysis should be included. This information will help the reader to better evaluate both significant and non-significant findings in terms of effect size and sample size. <\/b>  To address this we have added information about the relevant confidence intervals to the results section. Most confidence intervals were large, indicating that our estimations could be improved by a larger sample \u2013 which is something we later acknowledge in the discussion.&nbsp;\n<u>Conclusions\/Discussion<\/u>  \n<b>The hypothesized utility of the LPE specifier is to identify children at higher risk for severe and persistent conduct problems and antisocial behavior.&nbsp;<\/b>\n<b>The authors should address the utility of LPE\/CAPE, given that no higher risk youth were identified in this sample. Some specific factors to address: The lack of identifying such a subgroup may be entirely due to insufficient statistical power. As noted above, asserting that low power led to this result requires a power analysis. It may also be that elevated risk may be evident over time rather than cross-sectionally.<\/b>  In response to Reviewer 1, we added some discussion of the clinical utility of the CAPE in the Discussion section. We also added more discussion around power analyses and whether prospective designs might be useful. In addition, two publications have since been published so we compare our findings about high-risk youth to their studies of clinic-referred and offending youth samples.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1027\/v2#referee-comment-5258","order":4,"name":"referee-comment-5258","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This study was not externally funded except through consultancy with Stockton-on-Tees County Council given to LCMC. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":5,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}