{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T10:00:34Z","timestamp":1779184834357,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]],"date-time":"2019-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567036800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by salivary and lacrimal gland dysfunction, leading to substantial morbidity and reduced quality of life. Many patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome also have extraglandular systemic complications, some of which can be organ- or life-threatening. Over the last decade, numerous targeted immunomodulatory therapies for primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome have failed to show a benefit in clinical trials, and as yet no disease-modifying therapy has been approved for this disease. Herein, we provide an updated review of the clinical trial landscape for primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome and the numerous efforts to move the field forward, including the development of new classification criteria and outcome measures, the results of recent clinical trials in this field, the challenges faced in the search for effective therapies, and the expanding pipeline of novel therapies under development.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.19842.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]],"date-time":"2019-08-29T08:50:05Z","timestamp":1567068605000},"page":"1532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Recent advances in the search for a targeted immunomodulatory therapy for primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2415-0690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David L.","family":"Leverenz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. William","family":"St. Clair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","first-page":"1-151","article-title":"Zur kenntnis der keratoconjunctivitis sicca (To the knowledge of keratoconjunctivitis sicca).","volume":"2","author":"H Sj\u00f6gren","year":"1933","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Suppl."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249-58","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.7682","article-title":"Effects of hydroxychloroquine on symptomatic improvement in primary Sj\u00f6gren syndrome: the JOQUER randomized clinical trial.","volume":"312","author":"J Gottenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62-7","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90365-8","article-title":"Treatment of primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome with hydroxychloroquine.","volume":"85","author":"R 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