{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T12:59:13Z","timestamp":1773838753307,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Pyoderma Gangrenosum (PG) is a rare neutrophilic dermatosis with multiple different clinical presentations and associated comorbidities. PG has historically been a challenging disorder to diagnose, leading to the development of new diagnostic criteria rather than the traditional approach of a diagnosis of exclusion. The pathophysiology is thought to involve both innate and adaptive immune system dysregulation, neutrophilic abnormalities, environmental, and genetic factors. As of today, no gold standard therapy exists for the treatment of PG, and the literature is restricted to mainly case reports, case series, and 2 small randomized clinical trials. Topical, systemic, and biologic therapy, as well as adequate analgesia and proper wound care all play a role in the management of PG. Recent studies have identified additional cytokines and signalling cascades thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of PG, ultimately leading to the development of new targeted therapies. This review will focus on recent advances in the pathophysiology, clinical presentation and associated comorbidities, diagnosis, and management of PG.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.19909.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T11:05:06Z","timestamp":1576148706000},"page":"2092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Recent advances in managing and understanding pyoderma gangrenosum"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1501-8401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josh","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raed","family":"Alhusayen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afsaneh","family":"Alavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166-70","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.130","article-title":"Incidence, Mortality, and Disease Associations of Pyoderma Gangrenosum in the United Kingdom: A Retrospective Cohort Study.","volume":"132","author":"S Langan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.08.001","article-title":"Prevalence estimates for pyoderma gangrenosum in the United States: An age- and sex-adjusted population analysis.","author":"A Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301-12","DOI":"10.2165\/11310730-000000000-00000","article-title":"Neutrophilic Dermatoses: a review of current treatment options.","volume":"10","author":"P Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355-372","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0251-7","article-title":"Pyoderma Gangrenosum: An Update on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment.","volume":"18","author":"A Alavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147-157","DOI":"10.1007\/s13671-018-0224-y","article-title":"Pyoderma Gangrenosum: What Do We Know Now?","volume":"7","author":"F McKenzie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Derm Rep."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525-31","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2008","article-title":"Effective strategies for the management of pyoderma gangrenosum: a comprehensive review.","volume":"95","author":"F Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venerol."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691-8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.06.021","article-title":"Pathophysiology of pyoderma gangrenosum (PG): an updated review.","volume":"73","author":"S Braswell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264-276","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2018.1506083","article-title":"Biologic and small-molecule medications in the management of pyoderma gangrenosum.","volume":"30","author":"F McKenzie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487-1497","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13493","article-title":"The genetics of pyoderma gangrenosum and implications for treatment: A systematic review.","volume":"172","author":"E DeFilippis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308-12","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.2001.01936.x","article-title":"Pyoderma gangrenosum in two siblings: a familial predisposition.","volume":"18","author":"S Khandpur","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944-6","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12431","article-title":"Familial pyoderma gangrenosum in association with common variable immunodeficiency.","volume":"169","author":"L Boussofara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759-62","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02002902","article-title":"Familial pyoderma gangrenosum presenting in infancy.","volume":"155","author":"H al-Rimawi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr."},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931-4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(87)70116-9","article-title":"Pyoderma gangrenosum in a kindred. 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