{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:13:41Z","timestamp":1792131221462,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,8]],"date-time":"2013-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381190400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>\n                      <ns4:italic>Background<\/ns4:italic>\n                      :\n                    <\/ns4:bold>\n                    Prior brain imaging and autopsy studies have suggested\n                    <ns4:bold\/>\n                    that structural abnormalities of the basal ganglia (BG) nuclei may be present in Tourette Syndrome (TS). These studies have focused mainly on the volume differences of the BG structures and not their anatomical shapes.\u00a0 Shape differences of various brain structures have been demonstrated in other neuropsychiatric disorders using large-deformation, high dimensional brain mapping (HDBM-LD).\u00a0 A previous study of a small sample of adult TS patients demonstrated the validity of the method, but did not find significant differences compared to controls. Since TS usually begins in childhood and adult studies may show structure differences due to adaptations, we hypothesized that differences in BG and thalamus structure geometry and volume due to etiological changes in TS might be better characterized in children.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>\n                      <ns4:italic>Objective<\/ns4:italic>\n                      :\n                    <\/ns4:bold>\n                    Pilot the HDBM-LD method in children and estimate effect sizes.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>\n                      <ns4:italic>Methods<\/ns4:italic>\n                      :\n                    <\/ns4:bold>\n                    In this pilot study, T1-weighted MRIs were collected in 13 children with TS and 16 healthy, tic-free, control children. The groups were well matched for age.\u00a0 The primary outcome measures were the first 10 eigenvectors which are derived using HDBM-LD methods and represent the majority of the geometric shape of each structure, and the volumes of each structure adjusted for whole brain volume. We also compared hemispheric right\/left asymmetry and estimated effect sizes for both volume and shape differences between groups.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>\n                      <ns4:italic>Results<\/ns4:italic>\n                      :\n                    <\/ns4:bold>\n                    We found no statistically significant differences between the TS subjects and controls in volume, shape, or right\/left asymmetry.\u00a0 Effect sizes were greater for shape analysis than for volume.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>\n                      <ns4:italic>Conclusion<\/ns4:italic>\n                      :\n                    <\/ns4:bold>\n                    This study represents one of the first efforts to study the shape as opposed to the volume of the BG in TS, but power was limited by sample size. Shape analysis by the HDBM-LD method may prove more sensitive to group differences.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.2-207.v1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,8]],"date-time":"2013-10-08T06:59:53Z","timestamp":1381215593000},"page":"207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A pilot study of basal ganglia and thalamus structure by high dimensional mapping in children with Tourette syndrome"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Alton C.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie E.","family":"McNeely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deanna J.","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Church","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacie L.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna M.","family":"Hartlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley L.","family":"Schlaggar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6921-9567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","first-page":"943","article-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013-1016","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540100012008","article-title":"Definitions and classification of tic disorders. 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Bloch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/2-207\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/2-207\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/2-207\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T08:37:46Z","timestamp":1543826266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/2-207\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,8]]},"references-count":49,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.2-207.v1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.2550.r4285","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.2550.r3072","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.2550.r3072","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.2550.r4285","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/2-207\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.2550.r3072, Jeremy S. Stern, Department of Neurology, St. George's Hospital and Medical School, London, UK, 24 Jan 2014, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/2-207\/v1#referee-response-3072","order":0,"name":"referee-response-3072","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Kevin J Black<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 11 Feb 2014<\/i>; We greatly appreciate Prof. Stern's thoughtful comments about the relevance and limitations of this pilot study. The prior report (ref. 35 above) does describe the methods in detail.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/2-207\/v1#referee-comment-703","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-703","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.2550.r4285, Kirsten R M\u00fcller-Vahl, Clinic of Psychiatry, Social psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, 27 Mar 2014, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/2-207\/v1#referee-response-4285","order":2,"name":"referee-response-4285","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Kevin J Black<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 27 Mar 2014<\/i>; We appreciate Dr.&nbsp;M&uuml;ller-Vahl's thoughtful comments.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/2-207\/v1#referee-comment-744","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-744","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Kevin J Black<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 13 Oct 2015<\/i>; Garraux et al 2006 (doi:10.1002\/ana.20765) can be added to the list of studies of brain structure in TS that did not find a significantly smaller caudate nucleus.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/2-207\/v1#article-response-1656","order":4,"name":"article-response-1656","label":"Article Comment","group":{"name":"article-comments","label":"Article Comments"}},{"value":"This study was funded by a research grant from the Tourette Syndrome Association to LW (Morphological abnormalities of the thalamus and basal ganglia in Tourette syndrome by computational anatomy). Manuscript preparation was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health grant K24 MH087913 to KJB.","order":5,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero \"No rights reserved\" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}