{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:09:55Z","timestamp":1772168995443,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.2-52.v1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,24]],"date-time":"2013-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374624000000}}],"reference-count":98,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,24]],"date-time":"2013-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374624000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Chronic musculoskeletal pain is a common cause of chronic pain, which is associated with a total cost of $635 billion per year in the U.S. Emerging evidence suggests an anti-nociceptive action of botulinum toxin, independent of its muscle paralyzing action. This review provides a summary of data from both non-randomized and randomized clinical studies of botulinum toxin in back pain and various osteoarticular conditions, including osteoarthritis, tennis elbow, low back pain and hand pain. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of small sizes provide evidence of short-term efficacy of a single intra-articular injection of 100 units of botulinum toxin A (BoNT\/A) for the relief of pain and the improvement of both function and quality of life in patients with chronic joint pain due to arthritis. Three RCTs studied intramuscular BoNT\/A for tennis elbow with one showing a significant improvement in pain relief compared with placebo, another one showing no difference from placebo, and the third finding that pain and function improvement with BoNT\/A injection were similar to those obtained with surgical release. One RCT of intramuscular BoNT\/A for low back pain found improvement in pain and function compared to placebo. Single RCTs using local injections of BoNT in patients with either temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain or plantar fasciitis found superior efficacy compared to placebo. One RCT of intramuscular BoNT\/B in patients with hand pain and carpal tunnel syndrome found improvement in pain in both BoNT\/B and placebo groups, but no significant difference between groups. Most evidence is based on small studies, but the use of BoNT is supported by a single, and sometimes up to three, RCTs for several chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions. This indicates that botulinum toxin may be a promising potential new treatment for chronic refractory musculoskeletal pain. Well-designed large clinical trials are needed.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.2-52.v2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,24]],"date-time":"2013-07-24T14:23:39Z","timestamp":1374675819000},"page":"52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Use of botulinum toxin in musculoskeletal pain"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Jasvinder A","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","article-title":"Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287-333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.06.009","article-title":"Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment.","volume":"10","author":"H Breivik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pain."},{"key":"ref-3","first-page":"1261-5","article-title":"Prevalence of doctor-diagnosed arthritis and arthritis-attributable activity limitation \u2013 United States, 2007\u20132009.","volume":"59","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"ref-4","first-page":"421-6","article-title":"Prevalence and most common causes of disability among adults \u2013 United States, 2005.","volume":"58","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"ref-5","article-title":"Chartbook on work and disability in the United States, 1998","author":"S Stoddard","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15-25","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23177","article-title":"Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.1531.r1565, Robert Gerwin, Pain & Rehabilitation Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA, 21 Aug 2013, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/2-52\/v2#referee-response-1565","order":0,"name":"referee-response-1565","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Jasvinder Singh<\/b>; <i>Posted: 06 Oct 2013<\/i>; We thank Dr. Gerwin for his critique and recommendations.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/2-52\/v2#referee-comment-571","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-571","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.1222.r824, Julia Funk, Centrum f\u00fcr Muskuloskeletale Chirurgie, Orthop\u00e4dische Universit\u00e4tsklinik der Charit\u00e9, Berlin, Germany, 12 Mar 2013, version 1, 2 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/2-52\/v1#referee-response-824","order":2,"name":"referee-response-824","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Jasvinder Singh<\/b>; <i>Posted: 21 May 2013<\/i>; We thank the reviewers, who provided great insights. The revisions made in response to their comments have improved the quality and clarity of this paper. Here are our responses to the comments from reviewer #1. &nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Reviewer comments<\/b>&nbsp; <b>Response to reviewers<\/b>&nbsp;Reviewer#1: <b>Julia Funk<\/b>, Centrum f&uuml;r Muskuloskeletale Chirurgie, Orthop&auml;dische Universit&auml;tsklinik der Charit&eacute;, Berlin, Germany&nbsp; <b>Status and Report:<\/b> 12 Mar 2013 &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; <i>The manuscript is a decent, very detailed, and almost complete review. The title and abstract are appropriate for the content of the article and the conclusions are sensible and justified.<\/i> &nbsp;&nbsp;Thank you.&nbsp; <i>However, I do have two significant reservations. Unfortunately, for a complete review of the published data concerning the topic 'botulinum toxin and pain' we found two RCTs missing: Lin YC (2010)&nbsp;Am J Phys Med Rehabil, Placzek R (2007)&nbsp;JBJS Am.<\/i>&nbsp;We thank the reviewer for pointing us to the two missing studies, which have now been included in the review.&nbsp; <i>Furthermore, there have been at least 3 review articles with the same topic in 2012 (Hameed F (2012), Cheng OT (2012), Sim WS (2011)), hence by reading this manuscript, little information may be new to the informed reader.<\/i>&nbsp;We thank the reviewer for pointing out these pertinent reviews. We refer to them in our paper and discuss how our review adds to what\u2019s already been published. Both Hameed and Cheng <i>et al.<\/i> were focused on osteoarthritis (OA) treatments only. Our review is more comprehensive in that it includes muscucloskeletal (MSK) pain, not just knee OA or OA.&nbsp;Sim <i>et al.<\/i> provides a very brief overview of a few studies of botulinum toxin for any indication, without providing much detail about key studies. Thus, we believe our review adds to the already published reviews, and provides a complete perspective on the potential role of botulinum toxin in the treatment of MSK pain.&nbsp;\u201cRecent reviews have summarized the injectable treatments for osteoarthritis (64), injectable treatments for knee osteoarthritis (65) or use of neurotoxin for the treatment of painful disorders (66), In this review, we provide a review of evidence regarding Botulinum toxin for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain conditions.\u201d","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/2-52\/v2#referee-comment-466","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-466","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.1531.r3070, Mats Brittberg, Cartilage Research Unit, University of Gothenburg, Kungsbacka, Sweden, 27 Jan 2014, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/2-52\/v2#referee-response-3070","order":4,"name":"referee-response-3070","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"No funding was obtained for this work. JAS is also supported by grants from the Agency for Health Quality and Research Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERTs), National Institute of Aging and National Cancer Institute and the resources and use of facilities at the Birmingham VA Medical Center, Alabama, USA.","order":5,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}