{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:25:09Z","timestamp":1787963109495,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584576000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Specific phobia is highly prevalent worldwide. Although the body of intervention studies is expanding, there is a lack of reviews that summarise recent progress and discuss the challenges and direction of research in this area. Hence, this rapid review seeks to systematically evaluate the available evidence in the last five years in the treatment of specific phobias in adults. Studies published between January 2014 to December 2019 were identified through searches on the electronic databases of Medline and PsychINFO. In total, 33 studies were included. Evidence indicates that psychotherapy, and in particular cognitive behaviour therapy, when implemented independently or as an adjunctive, is a superior intervention with large effect sizes. Technology-assisted therapies seem to have a beneficial effect on alleviating fears and are described to be more tolerable than <ns4:italic>in vivo<\/ns4:italic> exposure therapy. Pharmacological agents are investigated solely as adjuncts to exposure therapy, but the effects are inconsistent; propranolol and glucocorticoid may be promising. A handful of cognitive-based therapies designed to alter fear arousal and activation pathways of phobias have presented preliminary, positive outcomes. Challenges remain with the inherent heterogeneity of specific phobia as a disorder and the accompanying variability in outcome measures and intervention approaches to warrant a clear conclusion on efficacy.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.20082.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T11:35:06Z","timestamp":1584617706000},"page":"195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Recent developments in the intervention of specific phobia among adults: A rapid review."],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Christabel","family":"Thng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikki","family":"Lim-Ashworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3660-5098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Poh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5296-6745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Choon Guan","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744-60","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000174","article-title":"The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the World Mental Health Surveys.","volume":"47","author":"K Wardenaar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"ref-2","article-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266-86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.10.002","article-title":"Treatment of specific phobia in adults.","volume":"27","author":"Y Choy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"ref-4","article-title":"Psychological stress and the coping process.","author":"R Lazarus","year":"1966"},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149-79","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(81)90001-5","article-title":"The current status of systematic desensitization.","volume":"1","author":"F Dudley McGlynn","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"ref-6","article-title":"The practice of behaviour therapy (4th ed.).","author":"J Wolpe","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199-223","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490020207","article-title":"Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure in the treatment of traumatic memories.","volume":"2","author":"F Shapiro","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626-8","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.4.626","article-title":"Effectiveness of computer-generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia.","volume":"152","author":"B Rothbaum","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020-6","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006x.68.6.1020","article-title":"A controlled study of virtual reality exposure therapy for the fear of flying.","volume":"68","author":"B Rothbaum","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640-51","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465816000333","article-title":"Contamination-Focused Exposure as a Treatment for Disgust-Based Fears: A Preliminary Test in Spider-Fearful Women.","volume":"44","author":"J Cougle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704-10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.10.035","article-title":"Does a Program Based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Affect Kinesiophobia in Patients Following Total Knee Arthroplasty? 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