{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T10:56:31Z","timestamp":1767178591913,"version":"build-2238731810"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.20399.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]],"date-time":"2020-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581897600000}}],"reference-count":14,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]],"date-time":"2020-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581897600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FWO121.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWO121.00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : The oropharynx plays a major role in the development and spread of antimicrobial resistant\n                    <ns4:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/ns4:italic>\n                    among men who have sex with men. Trials are currently assessing the efficacy of bactericidal mouthwashes as possible therapeutic or preventive options against these pharyngeal gonococcal infections. Controlled clinical trials require the use of a placebo mouthwash without anti-gonococcal activity. So far, no such placebo mouthwash has been described. We describe the development of a mouthwash for this purpose.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : The\n                    <ns4:italic>in vitro<\/ns4:italic>\n                    anti-gonococcal activity of Corsodyl\u00ae, Listerine Cool Mint\u00ae, Biotene\u00ae, phosphate buffered saline and six in-house placebo mouthwashes was evaluated. Three gonococcal isolates from patients with pharyngeal infection were exposed to the mouthwashes for a duration ranging from 30 seconds to 60 minutes. Isolates were then plated in duplicate onto blood agar (5% horse blood) and incubated for 24 hours (5-7% CO\n                    <ns4:sub>2<\/ns4:sub>\n                    , 35 \u00b1 2\u00b0C). Growth of\n                    <ns4:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/ns4:italic>\n                    was scored on a five-point scale (0 = no growth, to 4 = confluent growth of colonies).\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : Corsodyl\u00ae and Listerine Cool Mint\u00ae were bactericidal to all isolates. For the other mouthwashes, the median growth score after 60 minutes of exposure was 4 (interquartile range 4-4) for phosphate buffered saline; 1 (interquartile range 1-3) for Biotene\u00ae; and ranged between 0 and 2 for the in-house composed mouthwashes. An in-house composed mouthwash (Placebo 6) performed best, with a growth score of 2.5 (interquartile range 1-3).\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : All the evaluated potential placebo mouthwashes were bacteriostatic after gonococcal exposure of 30 to 60 minutes. In-house composed Placebo 6 showed less inhibition on gonococcal growth than Biotene\u00ae and the other in-house placebos and demonstrates, in our opinion, a good trade-off between anti-gonococcal properties and taste.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.20399.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]],"date-time":"2020-02-17T06:30:06Z","timestamp":1581921006000},"page":"1620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The development of mouthwashes without anti-gonococcal activity for controlled clinical trials: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8010-1351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Van Dijck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0183-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicky","family":"Cuylaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5175-5428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piet","family":"Sollie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Spychala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irith","family":"De Baetselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0168-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolein","family":"Laumen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2235-6038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Crucitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Kenyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213-37","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EI10-0009-2015","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Expressed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Major Global Public Health Problem in the 21st Century.","volume":"4","author":"M Unemo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv47-51","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051020","article-title":"The role of core groups in the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant N gonorrhoeae.","volume":"89 Suppl 4","author":"D Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196-202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.04.030","article-title":"Certain attributes of the sexual ecosystem of high-risk MSM have resulted in an altered microbiome with an enhanced propensity to generate and transmit antibiotic resistance.","volume":"83","author":"C Kenyon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195-1203","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2407.172104","article-title":"Effects of Sexual Network Connectivity and Antimicrobial Drug Use on Antimicrobial Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.","volume":"24","author":"C Kenyon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154-155","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy048","article-title":"Risks of Antimicrobial Resistance in N. gonorrhoeae Associated with Intensive Screening Programs in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Programs.","volume":"67","author":"C Kenyon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155-157","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002020","article-title":"We need to consider collateral damage to resistomes when we decide how frequently to screen for chlamydia\/gonorrhoea in preexposure prophylaxis cohorts.","volume":"33","author":"C Kenyon","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586-592","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000661","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae Transmission Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: An Anatomical Site-Specific Mathematical Model Evaluating the Potential Preventive Impact of Mouthwash.","volume":"44","author":"L Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234-7","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051731","article-title":"Will targeting oropharyngeal gonorrhoea delay the further emergence of drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains?","volume":"91","author":"D Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2541-3","article-title":"A multicentre double-blind randomised controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of daily use of antibacterial mouthwash against oropharyngeal gonorrhoea among men who have sex with men: the OMEGA (Oral Mouthwash use to Eradicate GonorrhoeA) study protocol.","volume":"17","author":"E Chow","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-10","article-title":"Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref-11","article-title":"In vitro gonococcal growth after exposure to mouthwashes","author":"C Van Dijck","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-12","first-page":"1112-1122","article-title":"In situ substantivity of the essential oils in the oral cavity","author":"I Prada-Lopez","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541-6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2010.03.012","article-title":"Substantivity of a single chlorhexidine mouthwash on salivary flora: influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors.","volume":"38","author":"I Tom\u00e1s","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Dent."},{"key":"ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432-8","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.37.2.432-438.1982","article-title":"Gonococcal strains from homosexual men have outer membranes with reduced permeability to hydrophobic molecules.","volume":"37","author":"S Morse","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infect Immun."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1620\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1620\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1620\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]],"date-time":"2020-02-17T06:30:10Z","timestamp":1581921010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1620\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]]},"references-count":14,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.20399.2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1620\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.22418.r55772, Maarten Franciscus Schim van der Loeff, Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 11 Nov 2019, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1620\/v1#referee-response-55772","order":0,"name":"referee-response-55772","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Christophe Van Dijck<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 12 Feb 2020<\/i>; We are very thankful to the reviewer for his valuable comments.\n<b>Comment 1. In the abstract it is not clear how the 5-point scale of&nbsp;<i>N. gonorrhoeae<\/i>&nbsp;growth is to be interpreted; make it explicit that 0 means no growth and 4 extensive growth.<\/b>Response: The abstract has been changed accordingly\n<b>Comment 2. The abstract mentions an IQR of 2-3 for placebo 6 at 60 minutes; Table 4 mentions an IQR of 1-3. Please check and correct.<\/b>Response: Thank you for pointing out this error. It has been corrected.\n<b>Comment 3. Not all readers may be familiar with the term &quot;pharmaecological&quot; (perhaps better spelled as &quot;pharma-ecological&quot;?) so a fuller explanation may be helpful.<\/b>Response: The term pharmaecological has been changed into \u201cpharmaco-ecological\u201d and the sentence has been rephrased to clarify the term.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1620\/v2#referee-comment-5227","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-5227","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.22418.r58822, Victoria Miari, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK, 04 Feb 2020, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1620\/v1#referee-response-58822","order":2,"name":"referee-response-58822","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported by Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek [FWO 121.00]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}