{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T12:09:33Z","timestamp":1783512573629,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]],"date-time":"2019-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability. Despite increased awareness, reliable biomarkers are urgently needed to aid in all forms of traumatic brain injury diagnosis and prognosis.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Here, we aim to assess the diagnostic utility of known and novel TBI biomarkers in a pilot patient cohort of severe TBI (sTBI) patients and healthy controls. We analyzed concentrations of S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B), neuron specific enolase (NSE), human kallikrein 6 (hK6) and prostaglandin D2 synthase (PGDS) using ELISA immunoassays.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Plasma levels of hK6 and PGDS were significantly lower in sTBI compared with controls, while S100B and NSE were significantly higher. Furthermore, we show that ratios of NSE and S100B with hK6 and PGDS may be able to determine the presence of sTBI better than single markers alone.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    The findings presented here represent a starting point for future validation, where biomarker ratios can be tested in independent TBI cohorts.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.20445.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]],"date-time":"2019-09-27T06:40:06Z","timestamp":1569566406000},"page":"1695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Discovery of novel plasma biomarker ratios to discriminate traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoninus","family":"Soosaipillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas D.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1589-820X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleftherios P.","family":"Diamandis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-18","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17352","article-title":"Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury.","author":"M Dewan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J 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Kobeissy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, 12 Nov 2019, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1695\/v1#referee-response-56390","order":1,"name":"referee-response-56390","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.22476.r58587, Marco Antonio Stefani, Department of Neurosurgery, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, 23 Jan 2020, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-1695\/v1#referee-response-58587","order":2,"name":"referee-response-58587","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}