{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T06:44:00Z","timestamp":1789368240608,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]],"date-time":"2019-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program ,","award":["(grant 643381 TBVAC2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(grant 643381 TBVAC2020)"]}]},{"name":"PROMOS grant"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002915","name":"the Fondation pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["(DEQ20130326471)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(DEQ20130326471)."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002915","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Agence National de Recherche","award":["(ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID, ANR-16-CE15-0003 and ANR-16-CE35-0009),"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID, ANR-16-CE15-0003 and ANR-16-CE35-0009),"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>The borderline between virulence and efficacy in live attenuated vaccine strains is often blurred and this is also the case for the Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG), the only currently licensed anti-tuberculosis vaccine used on a large, global scale, which was obtained almost 100 years ago. While BCG is more than 99% identical at the genome level to <ns4:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/ns4:italic>, the causative pathogen of human tuberculosis, some important differences in virulence factors cause naturally irreversible attenuation and safety of this vaccine in the immunocompetent host. Some of these virulence factors are involved in persistence capacities of the vaccine strains and also represent strong immunogens, responsible for inducing different host signaling pathways, which have to be taken into consideration for the development of revised and new vaccine strains. Here we discuss a number of selected mycobacterial features in relation to their biological functions and potential impact on virulence and vaccine efficacy.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.20572.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]],"date-time":"2019-11-28T11:10:06Z","timestamp":1574939406000},"page":"2025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Mycobacterial virulence: impact on immunogenicity and vaccine research"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Vera M.","family":"Kroesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Madacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5172-7961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wafa","family":"Frigui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7928-6643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fadel","family":"Sayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2587-3863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Brosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","article-title":"Global tuberculosis report 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Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.22616.r57296, Jun Liu, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 29 Nov 2019, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-2025\/v1#referee-response-57296","order":2,"name":"referee-response-57296","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.22616.r57298, Manuel Elkin Patarroyo, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera, Colombia, 29 Nov 2019, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/8-2025\/v1#referee-response-57298","order":3,"name":"referee-response-57298","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"Research in Roland Brosch\u2019s laboratory is in part supported by the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant 643381 TBVAC2020), the Agence National de Recherche (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID, ANR-16-CE15-0003, and ANR-16-CE35-0009), and the Fondation pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale FRM (DEQ20130326471). The research internship of Vera M. Kroesen at the Institut Pasteur in Paris was supported by a PROMOS grant from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) and the Institut Pasteur. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}