{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:08:47Z","timestamp":1772168927926,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.21299.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599177600000}}],"reference-count":37,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599177600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["348-2014-3508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["348-2014-3508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004828","name":"Grand Challenges Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S70659-01-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S70659-01-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004828","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of thermophilic\n                    <ns4:italic>Campylobacter<\/ns4:italic>\n                    spp. in asymptomatic school-going children and establish the antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolates towards the drugs used to treat campylobacteriosis, including macrolides, quinolones and tetracycline.\n                    <ns4:italic>Campylobacter<\/ns4:italic>\n                    spp. are a leading cause of enteric illness and have only recently shown resistance to antibiotics.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    This study isolated\n                    <ns4:italic>Campylobacter<\/ns4:italic>\n                    spp., including\n                    <ns4:italic>Campylobacter coli<\/ns4:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <ns4:italic>Campylobacter jejuni<\/ns4:italic>\n                    and\n                    <ns4:italic>Campylobacter lari<\/ns4:italic>\n                    , in stool samples from asymptomatic school-going children in one of the biggest urban slums in Kenya. The disc diffusion method using EUCAST breakpoints was used to identify antibiotic-resistant isolates, which were further tested for genes encoding for tetracycline resistance using primer-specific polymerase chain reaction.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    In total, 580 stool samples were collected from 11 primary schools considering both gender and age. Subjecting 294 biochemically characterized\n                    <ns4:italic>Campylobacter<\/ns4:italic>\n                    spp. isolates to genus-specific PCR, 106 (18.27% of stool samples) isolates were confirmed\n                    <ns4:italic>Campylobacter<\/ns4:italic>\n                    spp. Out of the 106 isolates, 28 (4.83%) were\n                    <ns4:italic>Campylobacter<\/ns4:italic>\n                    <ns4:italic>coli<\/ns4:italic>\n                    , 44 (7.58%) were\n                    <ns4:italic>Campylobacter jejuni<\/ns4:italic>\n                    while 11 (1.89%) were\n                    <ns4:italic>Campylobacter<\/ns4:italic>\n                    <ns4:italic>lari<\/ns4:italic>\n                    .\n                    <ns4:italic>Campylobacter jejuni<\/ns4:italic>\n                    had the highest number of isolates that were multi-drug resistant, with 26 out of the 28 tested isolates being resistant to ciprofloxacin (5\u00a0mg), nalidixic acid (30\u00a0mg), tetracycline (30\u00a0mg) and erythromycin (15\u00a0mg).\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    In conclusion, asymptomatic school going children in the study area were found to be carriers of multidrug resistant\n                    <ns4:italic>Campylobacter coli<\/ns4:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <ns4:italic>Campylobacter jejuni<\/ns4:italic>\n                    and\n                    <ns4:italic>Campylobacter lari<\/ns4:italic>\n                    at 84%. A one-health approach, which considers overlaps in environment, animals and human ecosystems, is recommended in addressing multidrug resistane in Campylobacter, since animals are the main reservoirs and environmental contamination is evident.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.21299.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T07:35:42Z","timestamp":1599204942000},"page":"92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multidrug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter lari isolated from asymptomatic school-going children in Kibera slum, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6302-5908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nduhiu","family":"Gitahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter B.","family":"Gathura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8662-2665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael M.","family":"Gicheru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beautice M.","family":"Wandia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Nordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231-8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.029","article-title":"Disease burden of foodborne pathogens in the Netherlands, 2009.","volume":"156","author":"A Havelaar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7-15","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.p11101","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States--major pathogens.","volume":"17","author":"E Scallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-3","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni current status and future trends.","author":"I Nachamkin","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Society for Microbiology."},{"key":"ref-4","first-page":"1-7","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552-559","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/153.3.552","article-title":"Extra intestinal Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections: host factors and strain characteristics.","volume":"153","author":"M Blaser","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205-11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2009.07.002","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni: a brief overview on pathogenicity-associated factors and disease-mediating mechanisms.","volume":"300","author":"J Dasti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45S-56S","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01353.x","article-title":"Pathogenesis of enteric Campylobacter infection.","volume":"90","author":"A van Vliet","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166-168","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-57.2.166","article-title":"Survival of Campylobacter jejunion sliced watermelon and papaya.","volume":"57","author":"A Castillo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Food Prot."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477-490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1989.tb04568.x","article-title":"A two-year study of the distribution of 'thermophilic' campylobacters in human, environmental and food samples from the Reading area with particular reference to toxin production and heat-stable serotype.","volume":"66","author":"C Fricker","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Appl Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref-10","first-page":"1023-9","article-title":"Primer sequences for genus Campylobacter Rapid identification by PCR of the lettuce treated with spray-contaminated irrigation water.","volume":"73","author":"D Linton","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Food Prot."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66-73","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.1.66-73.1989","article-title":"Human disease associated with \"Campylobacter upsaliensis\" (catalase-negative or weakly positive Campylobacter species) in the United States.","volume":"27","author":"D Patton","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361-364","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03370030081032","article-title":"Campylobacter Infection Associated With Raw Milk. 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.29094.r70872, Musafiri Karama, Veterinary Public Health Section, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 12 Oct 2020, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-92\/v2#referee-response-70872","order":0,"name":"referee-response-70872","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.23456.r65988, Byeonghwa Jeon, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 21 Jul 2020, version 1, 2 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-92\/v1#referee-response-65988","order":1,"name":"referee-response-65988","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.29094.r176399, Maria Pavlova, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, 13 Jun 2023, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-92\/v2#referee-response-176399","order":2,"name":"referee-response-176399","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This research received funding from Grand Challenges Canada (grant number S7 0659-01-10) and Swedish Research Council VR (reference No.348-2014-3508). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}