{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T21:25:02Z","timestamp":1781817902714,"version":"3.54.5"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.21310.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596758400000}}],"reference-count":26,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596758400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009100","name":"Universiti Brunei Darussalam","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UBD\/RSCH\/1.4\/RG\/2018\/001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UBD\/RSCH\/1.4\/RG\/2018\/001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009100","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009100","name":"Universiti Brunei Darussalam","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UBD\/RSCH\/1.13\/FICBF(b)\/2018\/001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UBD\/RSCH\/1.13\/FICBF(b)\/2018\/001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009100","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background<\/ns4:bold>\n                    <ns4:italic>: Vitex pinnata<\/ns4:italic>\n                    is a popular ethnomedicinal plant but scientific studies to validate its pharmacological properties are lacking for this plant.\n                    <ns4:italic>\u00a0<\/ns4:italic>\n                    This study aims to determine the antioxidant, antimicrobial and wound healing properties of the methanolic extract of the leaves and the hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions.\u00a0 \u00a0\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    The leaves of\n                    <ns4:italic>Vitex pinnata<\/ns4:italic>\n                    underwent methanol extraction and the methanol extract was fractionated with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate solvents. The antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The antimicrobial activity was assessed by disc diffusion assay against\n                    <ns4:italic>Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli<\/ns4:italic>\n                    and\n                    <ns4:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/ns4:italic>\n                    . For the wound healing studies, the methanolic extracts of\n                    <ns4:italic>V. pinnata<\/ns4:italic>\n                    were used to prepare ointments with compositions of 10% (w\/w) and 50% (w\/w), which were evaluated for wound healing activity in an excision wound model in Wistar rats.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    All the extracts showed antioxidant activities, with the ethyl acetate extract having the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, followed by the methanol, chloroform and hexane extracts. Similarly, their quercetin equivalent concentrations were 33.1, 31, 20.3 and 4.5 mg\/mL, respectively. Except for the methanol extract, the disc diffusion assay showed that the extracts demonstrated species-specific antibacterial activities, with the ethyl acetate extract showing antibacterial activities against all four tested strains. The wound healing activity of the high dose treated group (50% [w\/w]) shows significant increase of wound contraction when compared to the control group.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusion<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : In the current study, the ethyl acetate extract showed activity for all tested bacteria and also had the highest DPPH activity. The methanolic extracts of\n                    <ns4:italic>V. pinnata<\/ns4:italic>\n                    leaves show modest wound healing activity in an excision wound model.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.21310.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T09:35:13Z","timestamp":1596792913000},"page":"187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial and wound healing activities of Vitex pinnata"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nurul Ashifah","family":"Shafie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0504-4454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur Atiqah","family":"Suhaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3904-5981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norhayati","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02476","article-title":"Physicochemical analyses, antioxidant, antibacterial, and toxicity of propolis particles produced by stingless bee Heterotrigona itamafound in Brunei Darussalam.","volume":"5","author":"N Abdullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260-271","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2319","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and its cost: is it possible to reverse resistance?","volume":"8","author":"D Andersson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199-212","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-998-0032-9","article-title":"Free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants in human health and disease.","volume":"75","author":"O Aruoma","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Oil Chemist's Soc."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-4","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578X0900400102","article-title":"Minor chemical constituents of Vitex pinnata.","volume":"4","author":"A Ata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Prod Commun."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92-97","DOI":"10.7324\/JABB.2019.70515","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Aidia borneensis leaf extracts.","volume":"7","author":"Z Awang-Jamil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Biol Biot."},{"key":"ref-7","first-page":"399-412","article-title":"The effects of solvents polarity on the phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of three Mentha species extracts.","volume":"3","author":"A Barchan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43-56","DOI":"10.4103\/phrev.phrev_55_16","article-title":"A review on the pharmacological activities and phytochemicals of Alpinia officinarum (Galangal) extracts derived from bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation.","volume":"11","author":"A Basri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Rev."},{"key":"ref-9","first-page":"948-953","article-title":"Effects of extraction solvents on phenolic content and antioxidant properties of Pistacia atlantica.Desf fruits from Algeria.","volume":"23","author":"L Belyagoubi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Food Res J."},{"key":"ref-11","article-title":"A dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula (2nd ed.).","author":"I Burkill","year":"1966"},{"key":"ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35-41","DOI":"10.3923\/rjphyto.2017.35.41","article-title":"Phytochemicals and antimicrobial activities of Melastoma malabathricum and Melastoma beccarianum leaf crude extracts.","volume":"11","author":"M Diris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res J Phytochemistry."},{"key":"ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173-180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2016.11.026","article-title":"Ethnobotanical review and pharmacological properties of selected medicinal plants in Brunei Darussalam: Litsea elliptica, Dillenia suffruticosa, Dillenia excelsa, Aidia racemosa, Vitex pinnata and Senna alata.","volume":"7","author":"M Goh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed."},{"key":"ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599-607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2005.09.002","article-title":"Inflammatory cells during wound repair: the good, the bad and the ugly.","volume":"15","author":"P Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9249040","article-title":"Pharmacological Investigation of the Wound Healing Activity of Cestrum nocturnum (L.) Ointment in Wistar Albino Rats.","volume":"2016","author":"H Nagar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pharm (Cairo)."},{"key":"ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247-256","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822000000400003","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria.","volume":"31","author":"G Nascimento","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brazilian J Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-31","first-page":"6143-6150","article-title":"Preliminary phytochemical studies on leaves of Vitex species (Verbenaceae), used by the local adivasi communities of Andhra Pradesh.","volume":"2","author":"S Ramesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Pharm Pharm Sci."},{"key":"ref-32","first-page":"1-5","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of different extracts of Vitex agnus-castus (L.) and phytochemical profile.","volume":"3","author":"K Rashed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Pharm."},{"key":"ref-37","first-page":"532-534","article-title":"Antipyretic and wound healing activity of aqueous extract of leaves of Vitex pinnata.","volume":"44","author":"P Sahu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian Drugs."},{"key":"ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants6040045","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities between ethanol extracts of Vitex negundo and Vitex trifolia L. leaves by different methods.","volume":"6","author":"S Saklani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plants (Basel)."},{"key":"ref-40","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial and wound healing activities of Vitex pinnata.","author":"N Shafie","year":"2019","journal-title":"figshare."},{"key":"ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18051068","article-title":"The Role of Phytochemicals in the Inflammatory Phase of Wound Healing.","volume":"18","author":"A Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59966","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059966","article-title":"The anti-scar effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on the wound repair in vitro and in vivo.","volume":"8","author":"H Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21-28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.njas.2015.12.006","article-title":"Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of traditional medicinal plants from the Balkan Peninsula.","volume":"78","author":"N Stankovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"NJAS-Wagen J Life Sc."},{"key":"ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303-306","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)94985-9","article-title":"Ecdysteroids From Vitex pinnata.","volume":"32","author":"A Suksamrarn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phytochemistry."},{"key":"ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913-919","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v7i1.14677","article-title":"Studies on wound healing properties of Quercus infectoria.","volume":"7","author":"S Umachigi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop J Pharm Res."},{"key":"ref-47","first-page":"22-24","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of callus culture of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.","volume":"4","author":"S Vats","year":"2012","journal-title":"Researcher."},{"key":"ref-49","first-page":"15-21","article-title":"Effects of extraction solvents on phytochemicals and antioxidant activities of walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husk extracts.","volume":"3","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Food Sci Tech."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-187\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-187\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-187\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T05:40:14Z","timestamp":1598247614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-187\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]]},"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.21310.2","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.28592.r69005","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.28592.r69006","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.28592.r69005","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-187\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.28592.r69005, Yoke-Keong Yong, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia, 24 Aug 2020, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-187\/v2#referee-response-69005","order":0,"name":"referee-response-69005","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.23467.r67298, Fitmawati Fitmawati, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Riau University, Riau, Indonesia, 20 Jul 2020, version 1, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-187\/v1#referee-response-67298","order":1,"name":"referee-response-67298","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>NORHAYATI AHMAD<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 04 Aug 2020<\/i>; Many thanks to the reviewer for kindly reviewing our manuscript. We have changed the abstract to: \u201c\n<i>Vitex pinnata<\/i> is a popular ethnomedicinal plant but scientific studies to validate its pharmacological properties are lacking for this plant.\u201d&nbsp;We also have revised the introduction by adding the sentences below:  Although \n<i>V. pinnata<\/i> is a popular ethnomedicinal plant, scientific studies are lacking to validate its pharmacological properties. It is not clear if this plant has antioxidant, antimicrobial and wound healing properties. This study is interested to determine if \n<i>V. pinnata<\/i> could be a good source of antioxidants.&nbsp;&nbsp; Therefore, this study also aims to screen its antibacterial activity against several bacterial strains.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-187\/v2#referee-comment-5797","order":2,"name":"referee-comment-5797","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This study was supported by Universiti Brunei Darussalam under research grant numbers UBD\/RSCH\/1.4\/RG\/2018\/001 and UBD\/RSCH\/1.13\/FICBF(b)\/2018\/001. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}