{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:38:11Z","timestamp":1789155491839,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]],"date-time":"2020-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591574400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Bronchiolitis is injury to the bronchioles (small airways with a diameter of 2 mm or less) resulting in inflammation and\/or fibrosis. Bronchioles can be involved in pathologic processes that involve predominantly the lung parenchyma or large airways, but, in some diseases, bronchioles are the main site of injury (\u201cprimary bronchiolitis\u201d). Acute bronchiolitis caused by viruses is responsible for most cases of bronchiolitis in infants and children. In adults, however, there is a wide spectrum of bronchiolar disorders and most are chronic. Many forms of bronchiolitis have been described in the literature, and the terminology in this regard remains confusing. In clinical practice, a classification scheme based on the underlying histopathologic pattern (correlates with presenting radiologic abnormalities) facilitates the recognition of bronchiolitis and the search for the inciting cause of the lung injury. Respiratory bronchiolitis is the most common form of bronchiolitis in adults and is usually related to cigarette smoking. Currently, the diagnosis of respiratory bronchiolitis is generally achieved based on the clinical context (smoking history) and chest CT findings. Constrictive (obliterative) bronchiolitis is associated with airflow obstruction and is seen in various clinical contexts including environmental\/occupational inhalation exposures, transplant recipients (bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome), and many others. Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) is increasingly recognized and can be associated with progressive airflow obstruction related to constrictive bronchiolitis (\u201cDIPNECH syndrome\u201d). Diffuse aspiration bronchiolitis is a form of aspiration-related lung disease that is often unsuspected and confused for interstitial lung disease. Novel forms of bronchiolitis have been described, including lymphocytic bronchiolitis and alveolar ductitis with emphysema recently described in employees at a manufacturing facility for industrial machines. Bronchiolitis is also a component of vaping-related lung injury encountered in the recent outbreak.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.21778.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]],"date-time":"2020-06-08T12:35:16Z","timestamp":1591619716000},"page":"568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Recent advances in the understanding of bronchiolitis in adults"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9576-2272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay H","family":"Ryu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalya","family":"Azadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilal","family":"Samhouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunhee","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277-92","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200301-053SO","article-title":"Bronchiolar disorders.","volume":"168","author":"J Ryu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211-24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30951-5","article-title":"Viral Bronchiolitis.","volume":"389","author":"T Florin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145-51","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcp.0000208455.80725.2a","article-title":"Classification and Approach to Bronchiolar Diseases.","volume":"12","author":"J Ryu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777-94","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160131","article-title":"Bronchiolitis: A Practical Approach for the General Radiologist.","volume":"37","author":"P Winningham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiographics."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117-33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2008.03175.x","article-title":"The Pathologist's Approach to Small Airways Disease.","volume":"54","author":"A Rice","year":"2009","journal-title":"Histopathology."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702-18","DOI":"10.5858\/134.5.702","article-title":"Pathology of Small Airways Disease.","volume":"134","author":"T Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938-51","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0800","article-title":"Bronchiolar Disorders: A Clinical-Radiological Diagnostic Algorithm.","volume":"137","author":"A Devakonda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335-47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2015.02.013","article-title":"Imaging of Small Airways and Emphysema.","volume":"36","author":"R Edwards","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152-8","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198501173120304","article-title":"Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia.","volume":"312","author":"G Epler","year":"1985","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277-304","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.2.ats01","article-title":"American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. 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