{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T02:55:13Z","timestamp":1783392913128,"version":"3.54.6"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.22274.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585785600000}}],"reference-count":25,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585785600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy is a rapid quantitative method which has been applied for pharmaceutical analysis. This work describes the utility of first derivative ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in the quantitative determination of diclofenac sodium tablets.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : This analytical quantitative technique depends on a first derivative measurement of the area of infrared bands corresponding to the CO stretching range of 1550-1605 cm\n                    <ns4:sup>-1<\/ns4:sup>\n                    . The specificity, linearity, detection limits, precision and accuracy of the calibration curve, the infrared analysis and data manipulation were determined in order to validate the method. The statistical results were compared with other methods for the quantification of diclofenac sodium.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : The excipients in the commercial tablet preparation did not interfere with the assay. Excellent linearity was found for the drug concentrations in the range 0.2 \u2013 1.5 w\/w %. \u00a0(r\n                    <ns4:sup>2<\/ns4:sup>\n                    = 0.9994). Precision of the method was assessed by the repeated analysis of diclofenac sodium tablets; the results obtained showed small standard deviation and relative standard deviation values, which indicates that the method is quite precise. The high percentage of recovery of diclofenac sodium tablets (99.81, 101.54 and 99.41%) demonstrate the compliance of the obtained recoveries with the pharmacopeial percent recovery. The small limit of detection and limit of quantification values (0.0528 and 0.1599 w\/w %, respectively) obtained by this method indicate the high sensitivity of the method.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : First derivative ATR-FTIR spectroscopy showed high accuracy and precision, is considered as nondestructive, green, low cost and rapid, and can be applied easily for the pharmaceutical quantitative determination of diclofenac sodium tablet formulations.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.22274.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T03:30:08Z","timestamp":1585798208000},"page":"176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["First derivative ATR-FTIR spectroscopic method as a green tool for the quantitative determination of diclofenac sodium tablets"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2658-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khairi M. S.","family":"Fahelelbom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6754-8885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2321-5165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramez","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadik","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34-38","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90077-x","article-title":"Pharmacology of diclofenac sodium.","volume":"80","author":"D Scholer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66-70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2018.07.020","article-title":"Development and validation of a new HPLC analytical method for the determination of diclofenac in tablets.","volume":"27","author":"B Alquadeib","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm J."},{"key":"ref-3","first-page":"292-299","article-title":"Development and Validation of HPLC-UV Method for the Determination of Diclofenac in Human Plasma with Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study.","volume":"13","author":"G Arisoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk J Pharm."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7064.1000412","article-title":"Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Diclofenac Potassium and its Process Related Impurities in Solid Oral Dosage Form.","volume":"9","author":"T Dongala","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Chromatogr Sep Tech."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153-160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2014.10.005","article-title":"Determination of diclofenac in pharmaceutical preparations by voltammetry and gas chromatography methods.","volume":"5","author":"B Yilmaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519-525","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v14i3.22","article-title":"Visible Spectrophotometric and Thermodynamic Studies of Diclofenac: Charge-Transfer Complexation with 2, 3 Dichloro-5, 6-dicyano, 1, 4-benzoquinone.","volume":"14","author":"I Uzochukwu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tropical J Pharm Rese."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431-3","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.22.431","article-title":"Indirect fluorometric determination of diclofenac sodium.","volume":"22","author":"M Castillo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal Sci."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph12040183","article-title":"Application of Thin-Layer Chromatography in Combination with Densitometry for the Determination of Diclofenac in Enteric Coated Tablets.","volume":"12","author":"W Parys","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11-16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2014.08.006","article-title":"Potentiometric determination of Diclofenac using an ion-selective electrode prepared from polypyrrole films.","volume":"732","author":"M Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Electroanal Chem."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90-95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2018.10.017","article-title":"Potentiometric diclofenac detection in wastewater using functionalized nanoparticles.","volume":"145","author":"H Elbalkinya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchem J."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126-129","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.379","article-title":"Quantification of active ingredients in suppositories by FT-Raman spectroscopy.","volume":"5","author":"R Szostak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal."},{"key":"ref-12","article-title":"United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 37th edn.","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref-13","article-title":"British Pharmacopoeia: Her Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office: London, UK.","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43-50","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2018v10i4.25682","article-title":"Rapid assay development of diclofenac sodium coated tablet assay using FTIR compared to HPLC method.","volume":"10","author":"I Nugrahani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J App Pharm."},{"key":"ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470027318.a5610.pub2","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis, Infrared in the Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry.","author":"F  Cadet","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref-16","first-page":"1-26","article-title":"Chapter 1. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy: development, techniques, and application in the analyses of fats and oils.","author":"Y Che Man","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578-591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2009.12.012","article-title":"Vibrational spectroscopy provides a green tool for multi-component analysis.","volume":"29","author":"J Moros","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Anal Chem."},{"key":"ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2010.06.001","article-title":"Green analytical chemistry.","volume":"29","author":"M de la Guardia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Anal Chem."},{"key":"ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127-1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2010.07.007","article-title":"Analysis of pharmaceuticals by NIR spectroscopy without a reference method.","volume":"29","author":"M Blanco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Anal Chem."},{"key":"ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206-219","DOI":"10.1080\/00387011003601044","article-title":"Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry in Pharmaceutical Drugs Analysis.","volume":"45","author":"A Bunaciu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Spectrosc Rev."},{"key":"ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vibspec.2019.102941","article-title":"FTIR-derivative as a green method for simultaneous content determination of caffeine, paracetamol, and acetosal in a tablet compared to HPLC.","volume":"104","author":"I Nugrahani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vib Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235-1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2005.09.019","article-title":"Quantitative determination of diclofenac sodium and aminophylline in injection solutions by FT-Raman spectroscopy.","volume":"40","author":"S Mazurek","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal."},{"key":"ref-23","article-title":"International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) of technical requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals for human use, Validation of analytical procedures: Text and methodology Q2 (R1).","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21-25","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5186.79345","article-title":"Methods for the determination of limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the analytical methods.","volume":"2","author":"A Shrivastava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chron Young Sci."},{"key":"ref-25","article-title":"\"Utility of ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Method as Green Tool for Pharmaceutical Analysis of Diclofenac Sodium Tablets\".","author":"K Fahelelbom","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-176\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-176\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-176\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T03:30:10Z","timestamp":1585798210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-176\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]]},"references-count":25,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.22274.2","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.25346.r61922","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.25346.r61920","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.25346.r61921","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-176\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.24569.r61176, Yasser Fakhri Mustafa, Hasan Aldewachi, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq, 16 Mar 2020, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-176\/v1#referee-response-61176","order":0,"name":"referee-response-61176","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Khairi Salem<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 20 Mar 2020<\/i>; \n<b>Authors Response for Comments of reviewers 1 - Yasser Fakhri Mustafa and Hasan Aldewach:<\/b>  All data in Table 2 is represented in % w\/w. Sample B data in the Table 2 was corrected according to the&nbsp;reviewers comments in order to be consistent with samples A and C.&nbsp; The standard deviations (SD) and relative standard deviations (RSD) have been summarized under precision and robustness section.&nbsp; This work describes the Utility of ATR-FTIR for the analysis of uncoated tablet of diclofenac sodium, as the excipients is not interfering in the analysis of active ingredient we expect that the coating material may need certain extraction process.  \n<b>Authors Responses for Comments of reviewer 2 Baker Jawabrah Al-Hourani:<\/b>DS is known to be nonselective COX inhibitor. The inhibition of COX-1 (constitutive isoform) is assumed to be the main cause of undesirable side effects of the drug. However; the inhibition effects of the COX-2 (inducible isoform) yield the desired effects. The exceptional potency of DS among other NSAIDs was explained on the basis of the additional 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) indirect&nbsp; inhibitory effect of the drug.ReferenceFiorucci S, Meli R, Bucci M, Cirino G, Dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase. A new avenue in anti-inflammatory therapy, Biochemical Pharmacology. 2002; 62(11):1433-8, DOI: 10.1016\/S0006-2952(01)00747-XAuthor : Khairi M.S. Fahelelbom","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-176\/v2#referee-comment-5324","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-5324","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.24569.r61173, Baker Jawabrah Al-Hourani, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ, USA, 19 Mar 2020, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-176\/v1#referee-response-61173","order":2,"name":"referee-response-61173","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Khairi Salem<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 20 Mar 2020<\/i>; \n<b>Authors Response for Comments of reviewers 1 - Yasser Fakhri Mustafa and Hasan Aldewach:<\/b>  All data in Table 2 is represented in % w\/w. Sample B data in the Table 2 was corrected according to the&nbsp;reviewers comments in order to be consistent with samples A and C.&nbsp; The standard deviations (SD) and relative standard deviations (RSD) have been summarized under precision and robustness section.&nbsp; This work describes the Utility of ATR-FTIR for the analysis of uncoated tablet of diclofenac sodium, as the excipients is not interfering in the analysis of active ingredient we expect that the coating material may need certain extraction process.  \n<b>Authors Responses for Comments of reviewer 2 Baker Jawabrah Al-Hourani:<\/b>DS is known to be nonselective COX inhibitor. The inhibition of COX-1 (constitutive isoform) is assumed to be the main cause of undesirable side effects of the drug. However; the inhibition effects of the COX-2 (inducible isoform) yield the desired effects. The exceptional potency of DS among other NSAIDs was explained on the basis of the additional 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) indirect&nbsp; inhibitory effect of the drug.ReferenceFiorucci S, Meli R, Bucci M, Cirino G, Dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase. A new avenue in anti-inflammatory therapy, Biochemical Pharmacology. 2002; 62(11):1433-8, DOI: 10.1016\/S0006-2952(01)00747-XAuthor : Khairi M.S. Fahelelbom","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-176\/v2#referee-comment-5324","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-5324","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}