{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:35:42Z","timestamp":1788222942386,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.22942.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588204800000}}],"reference-count":158,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588204800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Witte Endowment"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) threatens to overwhelm our medical infrastructure at the regional level causing spikes in mortality rates because of shortages of critical equipment, like ventilators. Fortunately, with the recent development and widespread deployment of small-scale manufacturing technologies like RepRap-class 3-D printers and open source microcontrollers, mass distributed manufacturing of ventilators has the potential to overcome medical supply shortages. In this study, after providing a background on ventilators, the academic literature is reviewed to find the existing and already openly-published, vetted designs for ventilators systems. These articles are analyzed to determine if the designs are open source both in spirit (license) as well as practical details (e.g. possessing accessible design source files, bill of materials, assembly instructions, wiring diagrams, firmware and software as well as operation and calibration instructions). Next, the existing Internet and gray literature are reviewed for open source ventilator projects and designs. The results of this review found that the tested and peer-reviewed systems lacked complete documentation and the open systems that were documented were either at the very early stages of design (sometimes without even a prototype) and were essentially only basically tested (if at all). With the considerably larger motivation of an ongoing pandemic, it is assumed these projects will garner greater attention and resources to make significant progress to reach a functional and easily-replicated system. There is a large amount of future work needed to move open source ventilators up to the level considered scientific-grade equipment, and even further work needed to reach medical-grade hardware. Future work is needed to achieve the potential of this approach by developing policies, updating regulations, and securing funding mechanisms for the development and testing of open source ventilators for both the current COVID19 pandemic as well as for future pandemics and for everyday use in low-resource settings.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.22942.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T12:38:02Z","timestamp":1588250282000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["A review of open source ventilators for COVID-19 and future pandemics"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9802-3056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua 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Pearce<\/b>; <i>Posted: 28 Apr 2020<\/i>; Thank you for the thorough review and kind comments. I agree with you that the state of full open source disclosure in the general literature is disappointing and share your hope that the current move towards open science continues to accelerate. In this revised version I attempted to pull the grey literature review up to date, but as you point out that is a daily battle and I have cited the work by Read et al., trying to do that on Github.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I share your surprise in the wave of what can only be described as \u201copen washing\u201d where high profile organizations announce their development of an open source ventilator, which upon closer inspection is not open and\/or not all of the critical files have been shared. To address this, I have greatly expanded the introductory information and definition of openness as well as provided a few examples. I have also offered additional thoughts on \u201cwhen to share\u201d in the Future Work Needed Section. After considering your points and those of the other reviewers about the advantages of less developed regulatory systems I have simply removed this entirely.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-218\/v2#referee-comment-5463","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-5463","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.26243.r62938, Ramon Farre, Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, 01 May 2020, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-218\/v2#referee-response-62938","order":2,"name":"referee-response-62938","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.26243.r62939, Mazher Mohammed, School of Design and Creative Arts, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK, 07 May 2020, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-218\/v2#referee-response-62939","order":3,"name":"referee-response-62939","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Joshua M. Pearce<\/b>; <i>Posted: 29 May 2020<\/i>; It should be noted that the Gamendia et al. article cited above has been amended and now their easy-to-build non-invasive ventilator is completely open source and licensed under CERN OHL v1.2 and GNU GPL v3. It was published along with an op ed in the European Respiratory Journal by Guerin and Levy that argue the open source approach is something not only feasible but necessary.https:\/\/erj.ersjournals.com\/content\/early\/2020\/05\/07\/13993003.01271-2020","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-218\/v2#article-response-5555","order":4,"name":"article-response-5555","label":"Article Comment","group":{"name":"article-comments","label":"Article Comments"}},{"value":"This work was supported by the Witte Endowment. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":5,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}