{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T22:36:29Z","timestamp":1789252589288,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.23224.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611619200000}}],"reference-count":90,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611619200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LO2093\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LO2093\/3-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SE1758\/6-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SE1758\/6-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["390886566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390886566"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["391099391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["391099391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["391128822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["391128822"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["391134334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["391134334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["391070520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["391070520"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["391160252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["391160252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["391137747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["391137747"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["391049448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["391049448"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["391054082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["391054082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["390966303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390966303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["391126171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["391126171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["391125810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["391125810"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["391150578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["391150578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["391087700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["391087700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["39099699"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["39099699"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["391302154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["391302154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["391179955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["391179955"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["391107954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["391107954"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009133","name":"Karlsruher Institut f\u00fcr Technologie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KIT-PublicationFund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KIT-PublicationFund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Research software has become a central asset in academic research. It optimizes existing and enables new research methods, implements and embeds research knowledge, and constitutes an essential research product in itself. Research software must be sustainable in order to understand, replicate, reproduce, and build upon existing research or conduct new research effectively. In other words, software must be available, discoverable, usable, and adaptable to new needs, both now and in the future. Research software therefore requires an environment that supports sustainability.<\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p\/>\n                  <ns3:p>Hence, a change is needed in the way research software development and maintenance are currently motivated, incentivized, funded, structurally and infrastructurally supported, and legally treated. Failing to do so will threaten the quality and validity of research. In this paper, we identify challenges for research software sustainability in Germany and beyond, in terms of motivation, selection, research software engineering personnel, funding, infrastructure, and legal aspects. Besides researchers, we specifically address political and academic decision-makers to increase awareness of the importance and needs of sustainable research software practices. In particular, we recommend strategies and measures to create an environment for sustainable research software, with the ultimate goal to ensure that software-driven research is valid, reproducible and sustainable, and that software is recognized as a first class citizen in research. This paper is the outcome of two workshops run in Germany in 2019, at deRSE19 - the first International Conference of Research Software Engineers in Germany - and a dedicated DFG-supported follow-up workshop in Berlin.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.23224.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T12:55:11Z","timestamp":1611665711000},"page":"295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["An environment for sustainable research software in Germany and beyond: current state, open challenges, and call for action"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hartwig","family":"Anzt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5035-7978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4925-7248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Druskat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"L\u00f6ffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2487-4744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Loewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard Y.","family":"Renard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7111-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunnar","family":"Seemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1173-9228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Struck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"Achhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1339-0549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piush","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Appel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0137-5106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lutz","family":"Brusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7553-905X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Busse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3977-1385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerasimos","family":"Chourdakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4893-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr Wojciech","family":"Dabrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Flemisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9345-1593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Friedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0690-7151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadette","family":"Fritzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian D.","family":"Funk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Gast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Goth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5821-4912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-No\u00ebl","family":"Grad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3675-0968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Hegewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibylle","family":"Hermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Hohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Janosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4202-3908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Kutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2755-5087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Linxweiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8304-2684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thilo","family":"Muth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4486-2422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Peters-Kottig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Rack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0549-6167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian H.C.","family":"Raters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0439-7212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Rave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4127-1897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Reina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8830-0758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malte","family":"Rei\u00dfig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Ropinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joerg","family":"Schaarschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8960-9642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi","family":"Seibold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8901-6660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan P.","family":"Thiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1314-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Uekermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Unger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Weeber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L4","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ab0e85","article-title":"First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole.","volume":"875","author":"K Akiyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Astrophys J."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133-134","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-02046-0","article-title":"How to support open-source software and stay sane.","volume":"571","author":"A Nowogrodzki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.2585783","article-title":"softwaresaved\/international-survey: Public release for 2018 results","author":"O Philippe","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16569-16572","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507655102","article-title":"An index to quantify an individual\u2019s scientific research output.","volume":"102","author":"J Hirsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"ref-5","first-page":"8","article-title":"Quo Vadis, Scientific Software?","volume":"47","author":"W Bangerth","year":"2014","journal-title":"SIAM News."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686-687","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3240","article-title":"Toward effective software solutions for big biology.","volume":"33","author":"P Prins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref-7","article-title":"Research Software Engineer: A New Career Track?","author":"C Richardson","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97-105","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2020.2973362","article-title":"The Four Pillars of Research Software Engineering.","volume":"38","author":"J Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Software."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.495360","article-title":"Research Software Engineers: State of the Nation Report 2017","author":"A Brett","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160018","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.18","article-title":"The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship.","volume":"3","author":"M Wilkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Data."},{"key":"ref-11","article-title":"FAIR and Open Computer Science Research Software.","author":"W Hasselbring","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37-59","DOI":"10.3233\/DS-190026","article-title":"Towards FAIR principles for research software.","volume":"3","author":"A Lamprecht","year":"2019","journal-title":"Data Sci."},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.1172988","article-title":"Recommendations on the development,use and provision of Research Software","author":"M Katerbow","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2312\/OS.HELMHOLTZ.003","article-title":"Dealing with research software:Recommendations for best practices","author":"K Scheliga","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104-103","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2007.292","article-title":"The Chimera of Software Quality.","volume":"40","author":"L Hatton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Computer."},{"key":"ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875-1875","DOI":"10.1126\/science.314.5807.1875b","article-title":"Retraction.","volume":"314","author":"G Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013-1016","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.072888607","article-title":"Five retracted structure reports: inverted or incorrect?","volume":"16","author":"B Matthews","year":"2007","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref-18","first-page":"48-57","article-title":"Techniques for testing scientific programs without an oracle","author":"U Kanewala","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25-32","DOI":"10.1109\/SE4Science.2019.00010","article-title":"Challenges for Verifying and Validating Scientific Software in Computational Materials Science","author":"T Vogel","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86","DOI":"10.7287\/PEERJ.PREPRINTS.2169V2","article-title":"Software Citation Principles.","volume":"2","author":"A Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput Sci."},{"key":"ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775-777","DOI":"10.1038\/467775a","article-title":"Computational science: ...Error.","volume":"467","author":"Z Merali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1038\/467753a","article-title":"Publish your computer code: it is good enough.","volume":"467","author":"N Barnes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/468037a","article-title":"Computer code: more credit needed.","volume":"468","author":"H Tse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126-129","DOI":"10.1145\/1610252.1610285","article-title":"Assessing Open Source Software As a Scholarly Contribution.","volume":"52","author":"L Hafer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Commun ACM."},{"key":"ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137-2155","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23538","article-title":"Software in the Scientific Literature: Problems with Seeing, Finding, and Using Software Mentioned in the Biology Literature.","volume":"67","author":"J Howison","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Assoc Inf Sci Technol."},{"key":"ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989-1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2017.08.003","article-title":"How Is R Cited in Research Outputs? Structure, Impacts, and Citation Standard.","volume":"11","author":"K Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Informetr."},{"key":"ref-27","first-page":"449-461","article-title":"Challenges of measuring software impact through citations: An examination of the lme4 R package.","volume":"13","author":"K Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Informetr."},{"key":"ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574-582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2019.03.005","article-title":"Research software citation in the Data Citation Index: Current practices and implications for research software sharing and reuse.","volume":"13","author":"H Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Informetr."},{"key":"ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397-406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2019.02.002","article-title":"How Important Is Software to Library and Information Science Research? A Content Analysis of Full-Text Publications.","volume":"13","author":"X Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Informetr."},{"key":"ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207-207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0350-x","article-title":"Giving Software Its Due.","volume":"16","author":"A Doerr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Methods."},{"key":"ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8-21","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2019.2952840","article-title":"Software and Dependencies in Research Citation Graphs.","volume":"22","author":"S Druskat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Sci Eng."},{"key":"ref-32","article-title":"Software Citation Implementation Challenges.","author":"D Katz","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139-156","DOI":"10.1080\/08989621.2019.1591277","article-title":"Effect of impact factor and discipline on journal data sharing policies.","volume":"26","author":"D Resnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Account Res."},{"key":"ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42-47","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2012.63","article-title":"Code Sharing Is Associated with Research Impact in Image Processing.","volume":"14","author":"P Vandewalle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput Sci Eng."},{"key":"ref-35","first-page":"7-12","article-title":"Software Sustainability: The Modern Tower of Babel","volume":"1216","author":"C Venters","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4-8","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2014.88","article-title":"Better Software, Better Research.","volume":"18","author":"C Goble","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref-37","article-title":"A Proposal for the Measurement and Documentation of Research Software Sustainability in Interactive Metadata Repositories","volume":"1686","author":"S Druskat","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.59350\/v2gk0-8gf93","article-title":"Fundamentals of Software Sustainability","author":"D Katz","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref-39","article-title":"Raising the Profile of Research Software: Recommendations for Funding Agencies and Research Institutions","author":"A Akhmerov","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-40","article-title":"DH Research Software Engineers - For We Are Many","author":"R Casties","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001745","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001745","article-title":"Best practices for scientific computing.","volume":"12","author":"G Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.5334\/jors.ay","article-title":"Best Practices for Computational Science: Software Infrastructure and Environments for Reproducible and Extensible Research.","volume":"2","author":"V Stodden","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Open Res Softw."},{"key":"ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005510","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005510","article-title":"Good enough practices in scientific computing.","volume":"13","author":"G Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol."},{"key":"ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-10","DOI":"10.1002\/pra2.2016.14505301072","article-title":"Software Citation, Reuse and Metadata Considerations: An Exploratory Study Examining LAMMPS.","volume":"53","author":"K Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Assoc Infor Sci Tech."},{"key":"ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43-55","DOI":"10.2217\/pme.15.43","article-title":"Ensuring sustainability of software tools and services by cooperation with a research infrastructure.","volume":"13","author":"W Kuchinke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Per Med."},{"key":"ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11588\/heidok.00026843","article-title":"SuLMaSS - Sustainable Lifecycle Management for Scientific Software","author":"A Loewe","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.11277764.v1","article-title":"Infrastrukturstrategien f\u00fcr nachhaltige Forschungssoftware in befristeten Projekten","author":"S Druskat","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002598","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002598","article-title":"A Quick Guide to Software Licensing for the Scientist-Programmer.","volume":"8","author":"A Morin","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol."},{"key":"ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.59350\/sx42e-3va53","article-title":"Looking at Software Sustainability and Productivity Challenges from NSF","author":"D Katz","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref-50","article-title":"Nachhaltigkeit von Forschungssoftware","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref-51","article-title":"Qualit\u00e4tssicherung von Forschungssoftware durch ihre nachhaltige Nutzbarmachung","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-52","article-title":"Essential Open Source Software for Science"},{"key":"ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357-358","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam6116","article-title":"Academia's failure to retain data scientists.","volume":"355","author":"F Rodr\u00edguez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5334\/jors.242","article-title":"The State of Sustainable Research Software: Learning from the Workshop on Sustainable Software for Science: Practice and Experiences (WSSSPE5.1).","volume":"7","author":"D Katz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Open Res Softw."},{"key":"ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25-30","DOI":"10.1109\/eScience.2018.00014","article-title":"Mapping the Research Software Sustainability Space.","author":"S Druskat","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref-56","article-title":"Open Source Software Sustainability Models: Initial White Paper from the Informatics Technology for Cancer Research Sustainability and Industry Partnership Work Group.","author":"Y Ye","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.1112528.v1","article-title":"Minimal information for reusable scientific software.","author":"N Hong","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39-47","DOI":"10.1515\/itit-2019-0040","article-title":"From FAIR research data toward FAIR and open research software.","volume":"62","author":"W Hasselbring","year":"2020","journal-title":"it - Information Technology."},{"key":"ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/ZENODO.1344612","article-title":"DLR Software Engineering Guidelines. Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR).","author":"T Schlauch","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.19994.2","article-title":"On the evaluation of research software: the CDUR procedure [version 2; peer review: 2 approved].","volume":"8","author":"T Gomez-Diaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261-281","DOI":"10.3934\/Math.2016.3.261","article-title":"Best practices for replicability, reproducibility and reusability of computer-based experiments exemplified by model reduction software.","volume":"1","author":"J Fehr","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIMS Mathematics."},{"key":"ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11407.1","article-title":"Four simple recommendations to encourage best practices in research software [version 1; peer review: 3 approved].","volume":"6","author":"R Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0222807","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222807","article-title":"Measuring sustainability of seed-funded earth science informatics projects.","volume":"14","author":"L Hsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-65","article-title":"Software Evaluation Guide.","author":"M Jackson","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.2554759","article-title":"Software Peer Review, Why? What?","author":"B Anderson","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006561","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006561","article-title":"Ten simple rules for documenting scientific software.","volume":"14","author":"B Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol."},{"key":"ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174-188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2017.12.026","article-title":"Software sustainability: Research and practice from a software architecture viewpoint.","volume":"138","author":"C Venters","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Syst Software."},{"key":"ref-69","article-title":"Writing and using a software management plan","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90-109","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2018.021651343","article-title":"Software engineering for computational science: Past, present, future.","volume":"20","author":"A Johanson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Sci Eng."},{"key":"ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.2647436","article-title":"Making Research Software a First-Class Citizen in Research","author":"A Akhmerov","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.9862835.v1","article-title":"Making Software A First-Class Citizen","author":"N Hong","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-73","article-title":"Bayreuther Erkl\u00e4rung zu befristeten Besch\u00e4ftigungsverh\u00e4ltnissen mit wissenschaftlichem und k\u00fcnstlerischem Personal in Universit\u00e4ten","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8-24","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2018.2883051","article-title":"Community Organizations: Changing the Culture in Which Research Software Is Developed and Sustained.","volume":"21","author":"D Katz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput Sci Eng."},{"key":"ref-75","article-title":"Room for everyone\u2019s talent","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-76","first-page":"274","article-title":"Software engineering for science","author":"J Carver","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref-77","article-title":"Why do developers take breaks from contributing to OSS projects? A preliminary analysis.","author":"G Iaffaldano","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv: 1903.09528."},{"key":"ref-78","first-page":"1-20","article-title":"Engineering Academic Software (Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 16252).","volume":"6","author":"A Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dagstuhl Manifestos"},{"key":"ref-79","article-title":"Gesetz \u00fcber befristete Arbeitsvertr\u00e4ge in der Wissenschaft","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref-80","article-title":"From Open Source to long-term sustainability: Review of Business Models and Case studies.","author":"V Chang","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref-81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00065","article-title":"Getting Digital Assets from Public-Private Partnership Research Projects through \u201cThe Valley of Death,\u201d and Making Them Sustainable.","volume":"5","author":"W Aartsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"key":"ref-82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12989.2","article-title":"Funding knowledgebases: Towards a sustainable funding model for the UniProt use case [version 2; peer review: 3 approved].","volume":"6","author":"C Gabella","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"ref-83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D38-D47","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1116","article-title":"Tools and data services registry: a community effort to document bioinformatics resources.","volume":"44","author":"J Ison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref-84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/escience.2018.00016","article-title":"Research Software Discovery: An Overview.","author":"A Struck","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref-85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.3515946","article-title":"Citation File Format (CFF) - Specifications","author":"S Druskat","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref-86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"re3data.org \u2013 Registry of Research Data Repositories","DOI":"10.17616\/R3D"},{"key":"ref-87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121-127","DOI":"10.18352\/lq.7638","article-title":"KVK - a meta catalog of libraries.","volume":"11","author":"M M\u00f6nnich","year":"2001","journal-title":"LIBER Quarterly."},{"key":"ref-88","first-page":"8493","article-title":"The bagIt file packaging format (v1. 0)","author":"J Kunze","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref-89","article-title":"Bundesministerium der Justiz und f\u00fcr Verbraucherschutz, \u00a7 69a subsection (1) UrhG","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref-90","article-title":"Bundesministerium der Justiz und f\u00fcr Verbraucherschutz, \u00a7 69b UrhG","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref-91","article-title":"A Guide for Publishing, Using, and Licensing Research Software in Germany.","author":"A Struck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zenodo."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-295\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-295\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-295\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T04:30:33Z","timestamp":1716438633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-295\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"references-count":90,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.23224.2","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.31504.r78211","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.31504.r78211","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-295\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.31504.r78211, Willi Hasselbring, Software Engineering Group, Kiel University, Kiel, 28 Jan 2021, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-295\/v2#referee-response-78211","order":0,"name":"referee-response-78211","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.25640.r62872, Radovan Bast, Department of Information Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, 01 Jun 2020, version 1, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-295\/v1#referee-response-62872","order":1,"name":"referee-response-62872","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Axel Loewe<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 17 Dec 2020<\/i>; \n<i>We thank you for the thorough review and constructive feedback regarding the manuscript. Below, we address the issues raised by you point-by-point. Our responses are set in italics.<\/i>  \n<b>Regarding the list of challenges under &quot;Why sustainable research software in the first place?&quot; (pages 5 and 6):<\/b> Infrastructure issues: One design choice that often limits the use or usability of local infrastructure resources is that they are often bound to institutional user accounts and thus limit collaboration possibilities with collaborators in other institutions and countries. On the other hand, pooling of infrastructure resources which could enable collaboration across organizations can be limited by lack of authentication and authorization infrastructure (AAI) or legal constraints. Later in the paper the authors indeed mention AAI (page 12) but this could already be pointed out and connected earlier. \n<i>We thank the reviewer for their suggestion, and have included the mentioned issues in the respective list in the section \u201cWhy sustainable research software in the first place?\u201d.<\/i> \n<b>&nbsp;<\/b> Legal issues: Not only licensing is an issue but legal constraints or uncertainty about legal boundaries and identity federation can also limit the deployment of infrastructure services. Often the deployment and operation of infrastructure services is given to technical teams who may lack the legal support or expertise to clarify legal and privacy terms for the storage of data and processing of data. \n<i>We thank the reviewer for their suggestion, and have included the mentioned issues in the respective list in the section \u201cWhy sustainable research software in the first place?\u201d &nbsp;<\/i> Funding issues: The challenge is not only that funding is scarce but also that it does not align well with pricing models of cloud infrastructure providers. It can be easier for research groups to spend a larger chunk of the budget towards the end of a year for hardware compared to pay possibly relatively modest monthly fees for a cloud service, which however may not fit into the budget forms. These budget constraints may also limit the possibility of pooling resources and sharing them with other research groups. Software cloud infrastructure is often not considered at all in the proposal. There is also a resistance among some of my research colleagues to pay 20-50 USD\/ month for an infrastructure service which is sometimes solved by reinventing the service locally &quot;for free&quot;. Another mismatch between traditional funding models and support of software which &quot;must continue to exist&quot; to be sustainable (page 5), is the experience that it can take months or years until the software is picked up by other groups and contributions and questions start to roll in. But by that time the funding of the project stopped, the developer (team) may have already moved on to other positions and projects, and may not have the time to react and help, even though they still may have interest and the knowledge. Our traditional funding models consider the software to be &quot;done&quot; by the end of the project. \n<i>We thank the reviewer for these two comments. To address them, we have extended the \u201cFunding issues\u201d list item with a discussion of these issues.<\/i>  \n<b>Selection criteria for &quot;How to decide which software to sustain?&quot; (page 9):<\/b> The authors mention &quot;usage and impact&quot;, &quot;software quality&quot;, as well as &quot;maturity&quot;. But I would like to see also &quot;openness and transparency&quot; among these. The reason is that we can expect the research community to adapt to these or any metrics and we will over time observe what we measure. Any set of metrics could be criticized as to some extent being arbitrary but the advantage of including &quot;openness and transparency&quot; is that the community as whole would benefit from such a metric [Enrico Glerean, &quot;Responsible conduct of research and questionable research practices&quot;, presentation, slide 471]. \n<i>We thank the reviewer for this suggestion and realized that indeed most aspects in this section (6-10, 12, 13) are actually related to openness and transparency. Therefore, we changed the title of this section to \u201cSoftware transparency and quality\u201d.<\/i>  \n<b>Regarding &quot;Who sustains research software?&quot;:<\/b> The authors discuss the lack of recognition and awareness, as well as lack of career opportunities. It is also about respect and I was happy to see the sentence: &quot;Not all researchers that think of themselves as RSEs pursue a faculty position as their main career goal.&quot; I have experienced that RSEs are sometimes regarded as those who somehow &quot;failed&quot; to obtain a faculty position whereas many RSEs have chosen this position over a faculty position because it was a better fit for their career goals. This misunderstanding can lead to a lack of respect towards this position and this career choice and can lead to excellent personnel leaving the academic environment towards commercial employment, possibly not primarily for financial reasons but sometimes to be more respected and recognized. \n<i>We fully agree with the reviewer and thank them for the renewed confirmation that this is seen as problematic not only by the authors.<\/i>  \n<b>Archiving and software preservation (page 13):<\/b> The authors mention Docker but also Singularity should be mentioned as a tool since it is getting traction in particular on many-user systems such as higher performance computing clusters. \n<i>We thank the reviewer for this suggestion and now also mention Singularity and GUIX. However, we are not aiming for an exhaustive list, as options change dynamically and might even be specific to certain research communities.<\/i>  \n<b>Legal aspects (page 14):<\/b> Re-licensing is mentioned in the story box and the text starts by pointing out that licensing is often not considered early enough in the project. Indeed re-licensing later in the project can be not only legally, but also organizationally very tricky, in particular for projects which developed over many years and involved many contributors in different organizations. This could be pointed out in the text as additional motivation to consider these very early in the project. \n<i>We thank the reviewer to point this out and it also nicely fits into the message of increasing the awareness of legal aspects early on in the project. We have added the suggested sentence in the manuscript.<\/i> \n<b>&nbsp;<\/b> I very much like the recommendation of providing a legal help desk for research groups to avoid the problem that out of uncertainty and fear of making a legal mistake some research groups end up not choosing any license at all which may limit further reuse of the software. \n<i>Thank you for supporting this idea. We have further included your idea of avoiding any license out of a fear to make legal mistakes.<\/i> \n<b>&nbsp;<\/b> The manuscript presents a decision tree for contributors (Figure 1) and also discusses contributor license agreements. It could be useful to point out that without clear policies or legal help desks, individuals or organizations may be hesitant to contribute to a project because they may not feel confident having enough knowledge or authority to sign such agreements and too many legal steps and question can also raise the barrier to contribute, in particular for smaller projects. Also here clear guidelines and a support desk can help removing these barriers. \n<i>We have decided to take the decision trees out of the manuscript to strengthen our point of publishing software under a FLOSS license. Instead, we published the decision trees together with documentation templates under a Creative Commons license via Zenodo: https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/4327148#.X9n6ui337OQ. In order to strengthen the point you addressed, we added some more details related to infrastructural investment.<\/i>","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-295\/v2#referee-comment-6210","order":2,"name":"referee-comment-6210","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The authors thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for funding a meeting (Rundgespr\u00e4ch,  grants  LO  2093\/3-1  and  SE  1758\/6-1) during which the initial draft of this paper has been created. We are particularly grateful for the support from Dr. Matthias Katerbow (DFG). This work was additionally supported by Research Software Sustainability grants funded  by  the  DFG:  Aggarwal:   390886566;  PI:  Zesch.    Appel:   391099391;  PI: Balmann.  Bach & Loewe & Seemann:  391128822; PIs: Loewe\/Scholze\/Seemann\/Selzer\/Streit\/Upmeier.Bader: 391134334; PIs: Bader\/Gabriel\/Frank. Brusch: 391070520;  PI:  Brusch. Druskat & Gast: 391160252; PI: Gast\/L\u00fcdeling. Ebert: 391137747; PI: Marschall.Flemisch & Hermann: 391049448;   PIs: Boehringer\/Flemisch\/Hermann.Hohmann: 391054082;  PI: Hepp. Goth: 390966303; PI: Assaad. Grad & Weeber: 391126171; PI: Holm. Kutra: 391125810; PI: Kreshuk.Mehl & Uekermann:  391150578; PIs:  Bungartz\/Mehl\/Uekermann. Peters-Kottig: 391087700; PIs: Gleixner\/Peters-Kottig\/Shinano\/Sperber. Raters: 39099699; PI:Herwartz.  Reina:  391302154;  PIs:  Ertl\/Reina. Muth & Renard: 391179955;  PIs Renard\/Fuchs. Ropinski:391107954; PI: Ropinski.\nAlexander Struck acknowledges the support of the Cluster of Excellence Matters of Activity. Image Space Material funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany\u00b4s Excellence Strategy \u2013 EXC 2025.\nWe acknowledge support by the KIT-Publication Fund of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}