{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:09:54Z","timestamp":1772168994898,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5I0\/BX000963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5I0\/BX000963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000957","name":"Alzheimer's Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State of Colorado"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic grows throughout the world, it is imperative that all approaches to ameliorating its effects be investigated, including repurposing drugs that show promise in other diseases. We have been investigating an approach to multiple disorders that involves recruiting the innate immune system to aid the body\u2019s healing and regenerative mechanism(s). In the case of West Nile Virus encephalitis and potentially COVID-19, the proposed intervention to stimulate the innate immune system may give the adaptive immune response the necessary time to develop, finish clearing the virus, and provide future immunity. Furthermore, we have found that GM-CSF-induced recruitment of the innate immune system is also able to reverse brain pathology, neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits in mouse models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Down syndrome, as well as improving cognition in normal aging and in human patients with cognitive deficits due to chemotherapy, both of which exhibit neuroinflammation. Others have shown that GM-CSF is an effective treatment for both bacterial and viral pneumonias, and their associated inflammation, in animals and that it has successfully treated pneumonia-associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in humans. These and other data strongly suggest that GM-CSF may be an effective treatment for many viral infections, including COVID-19.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.23729.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T07:05:09Z","timestamp":1589180709000},"page":"345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Recruiting the innate immune system with GM-CSF to fight viral diseases, including West Nile Virus encephalitis and COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4051-2516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huntington","family":"Potter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Penny","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3147-8595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria S.","family":"Pelak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3410\/M3-24","article-title":"Alzheimer's - Looking beyond plaques.","volume":"3","author":"W Griffin","year":"2011","journal-title":"F1000 Med Rep."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00337","article-title":"Friend, Foe or Both? Immune Activity in Alzheimer's Disease.","volume":"11","author":"G Frost","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref-3","article-title":"Beyond beta protein\u2014the essential role of inflammation in Alzheimer Amyloid formation.","author":"H Potter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inflammatory Events in Neurodegeneration."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489428","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/489428","article-title":"Apolipoprotein e: essential catalyst of the Alzheimer amyloid cascade.","volume":"2012","author":"H Potter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474-82","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01666.x","article-title":"Neuroinflammation-induced acceleration of amyloid deposition in the APPV717F transgenic mouse.","volume":"14","author":"X Qiao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425-32","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.47.2.425","article-title":"Arthritis and anti-inflammatory agents as possible protective factors for Alzheimer's disease: a review of 17 epidemiologic studies.","volume":"47","author":"P McGeer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271-6","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-2006-9s330","article-title":"Inflammation, anti-inflammatory agents and Alzheimer disease: the last 12 years.","volume":"9","author":"P McGeer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102-111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.03.006","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation and injury during acute viral encephalitis.","volume":"308","author":"K Shives","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00525-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00525-18","article-title":"Pharmacologic Depletion of Microglia Increases Viral Load in the Brain and Enhances Mortality in Murine Models of Flavivirus-Induced Encephalitis.","volume":"92","author":"S Seitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-206480","article-title":"West Nile virus-associated acute flaccid paralysis.","volume":"2015","author":"A Alker","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287-289","DOI":"10.4274\/balkanmedj.galenos.2019.2018.12.74","article-title":"Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Disease in an Elderly Patient with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated with R-CHOP Therapy: A Case Report.","volume":"36","author":"B Arslan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Balkan Med J."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19-22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.04.007","article-title":"Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis in a patient infected with West Nile virus.","volume":"32","author":"V Martinovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord."},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509-12","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410020659","article-title":"High-dose steroids in the management of acute flaccid paralysis due to West Nile virus infection.","volume":"36","author":"V Pyrgos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00569-17","article-title":"Minocycline Has Anti-inflammatory Effects and Reduces Cytotoxicity in an Ex Vivo Spinal Cord Slice Culture Model of West Nile Virus Infection.","volume":"91","author":"E Quick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331-9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.11.015","article-title":"Minocycline delays disease onset and mortality in reovirus encephalitis.","volume":"192","author":"S Richardson-Burns","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776-82","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20338","article-title":"Minocycline affects microglia activation, Abeta deposition, and behavior in APP-tg mice.","volume":"53","author":"T Seabrook","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glia."},{"key":"ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393-404","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301377","article-title":"Minocycline attenuates neuronal cell death and improves cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease models.","volume":"32","author":"Y Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896-905","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.2008.65.7.nct70006","article-title":"Cognitive function over time in the Alzheimer's Disease Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial (ADAPT): results of a randomized, controlled trial of naproxen and celecoxib.","volume":"65","author":"B Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714-23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.11.012","article-title":"Results of a follow-up study to the randomized Alzheimer's Disease Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial (ADAPT).","volume":"9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402-11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2010.12.014","article-title":"Extended results of the Alzheimer's disease anti-inflammatory prevention trial.","volume":"7","author":"J Breitner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164-174","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.3762","article-title":"Minocycline at 2 Different Dosages vs Placebo for Patients With Mild Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","volume":"77","author":"R Howard","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558-570","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1736644","article-title":"A tug-of-war between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and host antiviral defence: lessons from other pathogenic viruses.","volume":"9","author":"S Fung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497-506","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102537","article-title":"The Role of Cytokines including Interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced Pneumonia and Macrophage Activation Syndrome-Like Disease.","author":"D McGonagle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507-513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study.","volume":"395","author":"N Chen,","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708-1720","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China.","volume":"382","author":"W Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382-4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2004.01347.x","article-title":"Lymphopenia and neutrophilia in SARS are related to the prevailing serum cortisol.","volume":"34","author":"N Panesar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest."},{"key":"ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298-301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.03.019","article-title":"What caused lymphopenia in SARS and how reliable is the lymphokine status in glucocorticoid-treated patients?","volume":"71","author":"N Panesar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses."},{"key":"ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857-9","DOI":"10.1086\/378587","article-title":"Expression of lymphocytes and lymphocyte subsets in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome.","volume":"37","author":"W Cui","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337-342","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/xcdary","article-title":"COVID-19, cytokines and immunosuppression: what can we learn from severe acute respiratory syndrome?","volume":"38","author":"P Sarzi-Puttini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus\u2013Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China.","volume":"323","author":"D Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0994","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China.","author":"C Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med."},{"key":"ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study.","author":"X Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med."},{"key":"ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study.","volume":"395","author":"F Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet."},{"key":"ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995-1007","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60454-8","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome.","volume":"386","author":"A Zumla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757-767","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201706-1172OC","article-title":"Corticosteroid Therapy for Critically Ill Patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome.","volume":"197","author":"Y Arabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473-475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30317-2","article-title":"Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury.","volume":"395","author":"C Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477-483","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ951","article-title":"Viral Shedding and Antibody Response in 37 Patients With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection.","volume":"62","author":"V Corman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183-94","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu645","article-title":"Effect of corticosteroid therapy on influenza-related mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"212","author":"C Rodrigo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-40","article-title":"Interim Clinical Guidance for Management of Patients with Confirmed Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.12.945576","article-title":"Aberrant pathogenic GM-CSF+ T cells and inflammatory CD14+CD16+ monocytes in severe pulmonary syndrome patients of a new coronavirus.","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv."},{"key":"ref-42","article-title":"HHS Funds Phase 2\/3 Clinical Trial for Potential Treatment for COVID-19","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref-43","article-title":"Sanofi, Regeneron ready to roll Kevzara into COVID-19 trials immediately","author":"K Blankenship","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref-44","article-title":"Roivant Announces Development of Anti-GM-CSF Monoclonal Antibody to Prevent and Treat Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in Patients with COVID-19","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307-2315.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.01.104","article-title":"Influenza Vaccination Induces NK-Cell-Mediated Type-II IFN Response that Regulates Humoral Immunity in an IL-6-Dependent Manner.","volume":"26","author":"Y Farsakoglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271-6","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2015.00024","article-title":"IL-6 Plays a Crucial Role in HBV Infection.","volume":"3","author":"T Lan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol."},{"key":"ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5267-5279","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI122372","article-title":"Exposure to wild-type AAV drives distinct capsid immunity profiles in humans.","volume":"128","author":"K Kuranda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69-78","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081571","article-title":"The induction of antibody production by IL-6 is indirectly mediated by IL-21 produced by CD4+ T cells.","volume":"206","author":"O Dienz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054-1062","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study.","volume":"395","author":"F Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-7","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200001000-00001","article-title":"Modulation of neutrophil apoptosis by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte\/macrophage colony-stimulating factor during the course of acute respiratory distress syndrome.","volume":"28","author":"G Matute-Bello","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319-28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.08.022","article-title":"GM-CSF modulates pulmonary resistance to influenza A infection.","volume":"92","author":"Z Sever-Chroneos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5346-56","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101413","article-title":"Local delivery of GM-CSF protects mice from lethal pneumococcal pneumonia.","volume":"187","author":"K Steinwede","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L447-54","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00415.2010","article-title":"TLR4-dependent GM-CSF protects against lung injury in Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia.","volume":"302","author":"L Standiford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol."},{"key":"ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0124593","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124593","article-title":"Delivery of GM-CSF to Protect against Influenza Pneumonia.","volume":"10","author":"R Subramaniam","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-017-0708-5","article-title":"GM-CSF overexpression after influenza a virus infection prevents mortality and moderates M1-like airway monocyte\/macrophage polarization.","volume":"19","author":"E Halstead","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Res."},{"key":"ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaax3387","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax3387","article-title":"Inhaled GM-CSF in neonatal mice provides durable protection against bacterial pneumonia.","volume":"5","author":"E Todd","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L571-L579","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00296.2019","article-title":"Lower respiratory tract delivery, airway clearance, and preclinical efficacy of inhaled GM-CSF in a postinfluenza pneumococcal pneumonia model.","volume":"318","author":"T Umstead","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol."},{"key":"ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259-68","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201012-2036OC","article-title":"GM-CSF in the lung protects against lethal influenza infection.","volume":"184","author":"F Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3652-64","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI62139","article-title":"Alveolar epithelial cells orchestrate DC function in murine viral pneumonia.","volume":"122","author":"B Unkel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521-32","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200812-1837OC","article-title":"Macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces epithelial expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: impact on alveolar epithelial repair.","volume":"180","author":"L Cakarova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553-64","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-014-0208-z","article-title":"Long-term inhaled granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor in autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: effectiveness, safety, and lowest effective dose.","volume":"34","author":"S Papiris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923-932","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1816216","article-title":"Inhaled GM-CSF for Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis.","volume":"381","author":"R Tazawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1914606","article-title":"Inhaled GM-CSF for Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis.","volume":"382","author":"S Papiris","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1914606","article-title":"Inhaled GM-CSF for Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis. Reply.","volume":"382","author":"R Tazawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609-11","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201311-2041LE","article-title":"Inhaled granulocyte\/macrophage colony-stimulating factor as treatment of pneumonia-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome.","volume":"189","author":"S Herold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216-228","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2020.0228","article-title":"Transplantation of ACE2- Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves the Outcome of Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia.","volume":"11","author":"Z Leng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59-68","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-018-0163-5","article-title":"GM-CSF Enhances Mobilization of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells via a CXCR4-Medicated Mechanism.","volume":"16","author":"J Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Regen Med."},{"key":"ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087-1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.03.010","article-title":"A Novel Endogenous Damage Signal, CSF-2, Activates Multiple Beneficial Functions of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.","volume":"27","author":"S Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Ther."},{"key":"ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345-1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2017.03.002","article-title":"Granulocyte macrophage - colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) significantly enhances articular cartilage repair potential by microfracture.","volume":"25","author":"M Truong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage."},{"key":"ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25728","article-title":"The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients.","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1065","article-title":"The Spectrum of Neurologic Disease in the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pandemic Infection: Neurologists Move to the Frontlines.","author":"S Pleasure","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.22.20026500","article-title":"Neurological Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study.","author":"L Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"key":"ref-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ed98","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2020.ed98","article-title":"Anosmia and ageusia are emerging as symptoms in patients with COVID-19: What does the current evidence say?","volume":"14","author":"B Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience."},{"key":"ref-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study.","author":"J Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref-76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China.","author":"L Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref-77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116832","article-title":"Central nervous system manifestations of COVID-19: A systematic review.","volume":"413","author":"A Asadi-Pooya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4030-9","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.4030","article-title":"Mechanisms of host defense following severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pulmonary infection of mice.","volume":"173","author":"W Glass","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"ref-79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712-22","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv499","article-title":"Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Causes Multiple Organ Damage and Lethal Disease in Mice Transgenic for Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4.","volume":"213","author":"K Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622-30","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1560","article-title":"Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways.","volume":"203","author":"Y Ding","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol."},{"key":"ref-81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415-24","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050828","article-title":"Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS.","volume":"202","author":"J Gu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"ref-82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083-91","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.11.2083","article-title":"Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor crosses the blood--brain and blood--spinal cord barriers.","volume":"120","author":"R McLay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"ref-83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507-18","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-091471","article-title":"GM-CSF upregulated in rheumatoid arthritis reverses cognitive impairment and amyloidosis in Alzheimer mice.","volume":"21","author":"T Boyd","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref-84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80-92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.03.009","article-title":"Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor neuroprotective activities in Alzheimer's disease mice.","volume":"319","author":"T Kiyota","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref-85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488-492","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22067","article-title":"Human umbilical cord plasma proteins revitalize hippocampal function in aged mice.","volume":"544","author":"J Castellano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref-86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/bdt.1000101","article-title":"Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor Treatment is Associated with Improved Cognition in Cancer Patients.","volume":"1","author":"H Jim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Disord Ther."},{"key":"ref-87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87-97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.10.022","article-title":"GM-CSF inhibits glial scar formation and shows long-term protective effect after spinal cord injury.","volume":"277","author":"X Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"ref-88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966-73","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.8.SPINE131090","article-title":"Effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on glial scar formation after spinal cord injury in rats.","volume":"21","author":"J Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine."},{"key":"ref-89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725-738","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4321-8","article-title":"Recovery and outcomes after the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients and their family caregivers.","volume":"42","author":"M Herridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref-90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S81-98","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a16946","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in ICU patients: risk factors, predictors, and rehabilitation interventions.","volume":"41","author":"M Wilcox","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"ref-91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2626-z","article-title":"Long-term cognitive impairment after acute respiratory distress syndrome: a review of clinical impact and pathophysiological mechanisms.","volume":"23","author":"C Sasannejad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"ref-92","article-title":"Partner Therapeutics Announces Initiation of Clinical Trial to Evaluate Leukine\u00ae in Patients with COVID-19 Associated Respiratory Illness","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref-93","article-title":"BARDA FDA 50 Product Approvals - Alternative Text Description","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-345\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-345\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-345\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]],"date-time":"2022-10-23T08:08:06Z","timestamp":1666512486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-345\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]]},"references-count":92,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.23729.1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.26181.r63287","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.26181.r65612","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.26181.r63768","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.26181.r63768","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.26181.r65612","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.26181.r63287","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-345\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.26181.r63768, Sharon Celeste Morley, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA, 23 Jun 2020, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-345\/v1#referee-response-63768","order":0,"name":"referee-response-63768","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.26181.r63287, W.Sue T Griffin, Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA, 10 Jul 2020, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-345\/v1#referee-response-63287","order":1,"name":"referee-response-63287","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.26181.r65612, Zissis Chroneos, Department of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA, 13 Jul 2020, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-345\/v1#referee-response-65612","order":2,"name":"referee-response-65612","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Huntington Potter<\/b>; <i>Posted: 27 Feb 2021<\/i>; The first clinical trial of GM-CSF (sargramostim) in COVID-19 patients reports significant improvement in oxygenation and lung function. https:\/\/www.partnertx.com\/sarpac-clinical-trial-of-leukine-sargramostim-rhu-gm-csf-in-hospitalized-covid-19-patients-meets-primary-endpoint-of-significant-improvement-in-lung-function\/","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-345\/v1#article-response-6400","order":3,"name":"article-response-6400","label":"Article Comment","group":{"name":"article-comments","label":"Article Comments"}},{"value":"Our work has been supported by the State of Colorado, a Part the Cloud grant from the Alzheimer\u2019s Association, and Department of Veterans Affairs, Merit Grant, 5I0\/BX000963. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}